2019年2月新聞熱詞匯總
中國日報網 2019-03-01 11:30
雙層動車組 double-decker bullet train
A model of China's future double-decker bullet train was unveiled by the Chinese Academy of Sciences on Monday, with experts predicting it could reach speeds of up to 350 kilometers per hour.
18日,由中國科學院研制的中國未來雙層高鐵動車模型披露,專家預測其時速可達350公里。
據介紹,雙層動車組(double-decker bullet train)瞄準國際市場,以時速160公里為基礎技術平臺,車體、轉向架等核心部件按照高速動車組的標準設計、驗證(core components designed according to the current standards for high-speed trains),可以根據不同需求進行技術升級(technological upgrade),達到時速160公里以上多種速度等級。同時整車采用輕量化設計,復合制動控制(hybrid braking system),安全節能環保。
西南交通大學教授張衛華介紹說,德國、法國的下一代高速列車均提倡用雙層動車組技術,其目標是提高旅客乘坐能力,提升運能(improving passenger capacity),提高經濟性(economic efficiency)。
列車高速行駛,如果車體加高、荷載加重,高速轉彎時會因離心力作用導致失穩(lose stability due to centrifugal forces),這也是雙層高鐵動車組研制中最關鍵的問題。
張衛華說:“就速度來說,只要解決了低重心和大容量等設計技術問題(design and technical problems such as the train's high center of gravity and large passenger capacity),單層速度跑時速350公里,雙層動車速度也應該沒問題。”
app布置作業 assigning homework on mobile apps
Zhejiang province is moving to ban teachers from assigning homework on mobile apps as part of an effort to save students' eyesight.
浙江省計劃嚴禁教師用手機應用程序(app)布置作業,以保護學生視力。
Along with banning app-based homework assignments, the regulation would limit the use of electronic devices to 30 percent of total teaching time and instead encourage homework to be completed by hand on paper.
除了禁止用手機應用程序(app)布置作業以外,該意見還規定使用電子產品開展教學時長不超過教學總時長的30%,鼓勵動手完成紙質作業。
作業方面,小學一二年級不布置書面家庭作業(no written homework at all should be assigned to children in the first two years of school),三至六年級書面家庭作業完成時間不得超過60分鐘,初中不得超過90分鐘,高中階段也要合理安排作業時間。
在考試管理方面,全面推進義務教育學校免試就近入學全覆蓋(fully implement the policy ensuring that children can receive compulsory education at schools close to where they live without having to take entrance exams)。小學一二年級每學期不得超過1次,其他年級每學期不得超過2次。嚴禁以任何形式、方式公布學生考試成績和排名(no release of test results and ranks in any form);嚴禁以各類競賽獲獎證書、學科競賽成績或考級證明等作為招生入學依據(enrollment based on academic competition results will be banned);嚴禁以各種名義組織考試選拔學生。
防控兒童青少年近視,浙江省教育廳還要求,強化體育課和課外鍛煉(increase the time for sports and extra-curricular activities),大課間、課外體育活動、眼保健操時間均納入課表(long breaks, extra-curricular sports activities and eye exercises will be included in school schedules),嚴格按規定時間組織實施。兒童青少年近視防控工作(myopia prevention and control)、總體近視率(overall myopia rate)和體質健康狀況(physical health)納入政府績效考核的要求。
教育部也于近日發文,明確教師不得通過手機微信和QQ等方式布置作業。
Teachers will not be allowed to use the WeChat or QQ messaging apps to assign homework or ask parents to grade students' homework.
教師不得通過手機微信和QQ等方式布置作業,或將批改作業的任務交給家長。
霹靂舞 breakdancing
Breakdancing has been proposed for inclusion in the Paris 2024 Olympic Games, organizers have announced. It is among four sports that organizers will propose to the International Olympic Committee (IOC), as well as surfing, climbing and skateboarding, which will all debut at Tokyo 2020.
巴黎奧組委已向國際奧委會提議在2024年巴黎奧運會上增加霹靂舞、滑板、攀巖以及沖浪四個大項,其中滑板、攀巖以及沖浪三個項目將在2020年東京奧運會上首次亮相。
霹靂舞(breakdancing)起源于上世紀60年代末、70年代初,最初在非裔和拉丁裔美國年輕人當中興起,有時也簡稱為breaking、b-boying或b-girling(跳霹靂舞的人就可以簡稱為breaker、b-boy或b-girl),屬于街舞(street dance)的一種。霹靂舞的動作多為即興(improvisational),主要強調能量、動作、創意,還有一點點危險的感覺。這里的break指DJ通過混音制造出的連續的舞曲節拍(a continuous dancing beat)。
2018年,霹靂舞作為新增項目首次在阿根廷布宜諾斯艾利斯青奧會(Youth Olympic Games in Buenos Aires)亮相。
The young participants competed in head-to-head "battles" under nicknames, with Russia's b-boy Bumblebee taking home the men's gold medal, while Japan's Ramu Kawai won the girls' title.
年輕選手們都有自己的昵稱,在賽場上捉對“廝殺”,最終俄羅斯選手Bumblebee和日本選手Ramu Kawai分獲男女金牌。
對于巴黎奧組委的提議,國際奧委會表示:
"We are pleased to see that Paris 2024's proposal for new sports to the Olympic programme is very much in line with the reforms of Olympic Agenda 2020, which is striving to make the Olympic programme gender-balanced, more youth-focused and more urban."
我們很高興看到巴黎2024年奧運會提議增加的新項目與《奧林匹克2020議程》提出的改革方向高度一致,那就是讓奧運會項目更加注重性別平衡、更年輕化、更都市化。
巴黎奧組委主席托尼·埃斯坦蓋(Tony Estanguet)表示:
Breakdancing is a fantastic opportunity to be really in line with the story that Paris 2024 wants to tell. We want those Games in connection with creativity, connected with the youth, more urban, more out of the stadiums.
霹靂舞為我們提供了很好的契機,也與巴黎2024年奧運會希望呈現的內容不謀而合。我們希望舉辦一屆獨具創新、更接近年輕群體、更有都市氣息、更能走向場外的奧運會。
國際奧委會全會于2014年12月通過了《奧林匹克2020議程》(Olympic Agenda 2020),圍繞可持續發展、提高公信力和吸引青少年三大主題(with regard to sustainability, credibility and youth)提出了40條改革建議,其中包括相對靈活地設置奧運會比賽項目、東道主可提議增項(allow the OCOGs to make a proposal for the inclusion of one or more additional events on the Olympic programme for that edition of the Olympic Games)。
中國教育現代化2035 China's Education Modernization 2035
China's Education Modernization 2035 plan sets the direction for the development of the education sector so that its overall capacity and international influence are strengthened.
《中國教育現代化2035》為教育領域設定了發展方向,使其教育總體實力和國際影響力顯著增強。
《中國教育現代化2035》提出,推進教育現代化的總體目標是:
到2020年,全面實現“十三五”發展目標,教育總體實力和國際影響力顯著增強(overall capacity and international influence are strengthened),勞動年齡人口平均受教育年限明顯增加,教育現代化取得重要進展,為全面建成小康社會作出重要貢獻。
在此基礎上,再經過15年努力,到2035年,總體實現教育現代化,邁入教育強國(education power)行列,推動我國成為學習大國、人力資源強國和人才強國(making China a powerhouse in terms of education,human resources and talents),為到本世紀中葉建成富強民主文明和諧美麗的社會主義現代化強國(to build China into a great modern socialist country that is prosperous, strong, democratic, culturally advanced, harmonious, and beautiful by the middle of the century)奠定堅實基礎。
2035年主要發展目標是:
建成服務全民終身學習的現代教育體系(a modern education system of lifelong learning)、普及有質量的學前教育(universal quality preschool education)、實現優質均衡的義務教育(quality and balanced compulsory education)、全面普及高中階段教育、職業教育服務能力顯著提升(enhanced vocational education)、高等教育競爭力明顯提升( more competitive higher education)、殘疾兒童少年享有適合的教育(special schooling for the disabled)、形成全社會共同參與的教育治理新格局。
《中國教育現代化2035》聚焦教育發展的突出問題和薄弱環節,立足當前,著眼長遠,重點部署了面向教育現代化的十大戰略任務:
一是學習習近平新時代中國特色社會主義思想(following Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era)。
二是發展中國特色世界先進水平的優質教育(building world-class education sector with Chinese Characteristics)。
三是推動各級教育高水平高質量普及(improving the accessibility of quality education from pre-school to higher education stages)。
四是實現基本公共教育服務均等化(ensuring equal access to basic public education services)。
五是構建服務全民的終身學習體系(establishing a modern education system of lifelong learning)。
六是提升一流人才培養與創新能力(improving cultivation process of first-class talents and their innovation capability)。
七是建設高素質專業化創新型教師隊伍(building a highly professional teaching staff with innovative aspirations)。
八是加快信息化時代教育變革(speeding up education reform in the information era)。
九是開創教育對外開放新格局(further opening the education sector to the world)。
十是推進教育治理體系和治理能力現代化(promoting education modernization in terms of management system and capacity)。
性別歧視 gender discrimination
A notice jointly released by nine bodies — including the Ministry of Human Resources and Social Security, the Ministry of Education, the All-China Women’s Federation, and the Supreme People’s Court — prohibits companies from prioritizing any candidate or rejecting any application based on gender. Employers can face fines of up to 50,000 yuan for publishing job ads with sexist requirements, while recruiting agencies may have their work permits revoked for severe discriminatory practices.
人社部、教育部、全國婦聯以及最高法等九部門聯合發文,禁止企業在招聘時限定性別或性別優先。用人單位發布含有性別歧視內容招聘信息的,或將面臨最高5萬元罰款,情節嚴重的人力資源服務機構,將被吊銷人力資源服務許可證。
英語中的sexism一詞指的是prejudice or discrimination based on sex(基于性別的偏見或歧視),尤其指針對女性的歧視(discrimination against women),抱有這種性別歧視態度的人就稱為sexist。“性別歧視”更正式一些的說法是gender discrimination。而提倡性別平等(gender equality),抵制性別歧視的人群則是feminist(女權主義者),他們所倡導的理念就是feminism(女權主義)。
通知提出,各類用人單位、人力資源服務機構在招聘過程中不得詢問婦女婚育情況(asking female applicants about their marital or childbearing status),不得將妊娠測試作為入職體檢項目(requiring new employees to take pregnancy tests),不得將限制生育作為錄用條件(restricting births as a condition of employment),不得差別化地提高對婦女的錄用標準。
通知指出:
Gender equality is the basic national policy of our country. Promoting equal employment for women is conducive to promoting women’s wider and deeper participation in social and economic activities and enhancing social productivity and economic vitality.
男女平等是我國基本國策。促進婦女平等就業,有利于推動婦女更加廣泛深入參加社會和經濟活動,提升社會生產力和經濟活力。
通知特別提到,要加強監察執法,依法懲處侵害女職工孕期、產期、哺乳期特殊勞動保護權益行為(workplace rights protection during pregnancy, child birth and baby nursing period)。
同時,通知還提出將用人單位、人力資源服務機構因發布含有性別歧視內容的招聘信息接受行政處罰等情況納入人力資源市場誠信記錄(credit record of human resources market),依法實施失信懲戒。
人臉識別 facial recognition
北京市衛健委表示,北京天壇醫院、北京大學第三醫院等30余家醫院具備人臉識別系統,對現場掛號的“熟臉號販”有較高的識別功能。
The facial recognition system can identify over 2,100 "suspected scalpers" who frequently come to make appointments at registration desks and sell them to others for a profit.
該人臉識別系統可識別2100余名到現場掛號并轉賣號源獲利的“熟臉號販”。
【知識點】
這里的scalper就是我們通常所說的“黃牛”,指“以暴利為目的,轉手倒賣車票、戲票、球票或電影票等稀缺票證資源的人”,具體來說就有ticket scalpers(票販子)和appointment scalpers(醫院的號販子)等。
這個詞的詞根scalp原指“頭皮”。到了17世紀,scalp延伸為“戰利品”——北美印第安人與敵人交戰時,若取勝,常把對方的頭皮剝下來作為“戰利品”。再之后,scalp指“轉手倒賣并從中獲利”,可做動詞,如to scalp tickets to the baseball game(倒賣棒球比賽的門票)。
據了解,北京通過開展整治“號販子”“網絡醫托”專項行動,去年治安拘留“號販子”900余人。被人臉識別系統關注的“號販子”一旦進入醫院,系統后臺即可發現并進行監控(once these scalpers enter the hospitals, they will be monitored)。