你問我答
近義詞辨析:international、cross-national、multinational、transnational
內容簡介
一位網友想知道 “international、cross-national、multinational” 和 “transnational” 之間的區別。這四個詞都由單詞 “national” 加上不同的前綴構成,意思都與 “多個國家的” 有關,但它們之間具體的區別是什么?聽節目,學習這四個近義詞的用法。
文字稿
(關于臺詞的備注:請注意這不是廣播節目的逐字稿件。本文稿可能沒有體現錄制、編輯過程中對節目做出的改變。)
Jiaying
大家好,歡迎收聽 BBC英語教學的 “你問我答” 節目。I'm Jiaying.
Phil
And I'm Phil.
Jiaying
本期節目要回答的問題來自一位網友,問題是這樣的:
Question
您好,請問一下 “international、cross-national、multinational” 和 “transnational” 之間的區別是什么呢?一直沒搜到相關資料,謝謝解答。
Phil
These words have very close meanings, so a lot of the difference is in how and when they're used. Let's start by looking at 'international'.
Jiaying
“International” 多用作形容詞,是四個詞里最常見的一個。
Phil
Yes, and it refers to anything that happens in or is related to more than one country. We often talk about 'international trade' – trade between countries, 'international students' – people who move countries to study, and 'international airports', where you can travel between countries.
Jiaying
是的,形容詞 “international” 的意思是 “國際的,國際上的”,強調一件事情是 “發生在一個以上國家的” 或 “與一個以上的國家有關的”。比如:“international trade(國際貿易)”、“international students(留學生,國際生)”、“international airports(國際機場)”。來聽兩個使用了形容詞 “international” 的例句。
Examples
The market for international travel has recovered in recent years.
(近年來,國際旅游市場已經復蘇。)
The international conference attracted researchers from all over the world.
(這次國際會議吸引了來自世界各地的研究人員。)
Phil
'Cross-national' is probably most used to talk about academic studies. The prefix 'cross-' means 'across' – so a 'cross-national comparison' is where data is compared across different countries.
Jiaying
沒錯,復合形容詞 “cross-national” 的意思是 “跨國的”,它多見于學術領域。
從構詞上來看,“cross-national” 的前綴 “cross-” 的意思是 “越過,跨越”,所以 “cross-national comparison” 就指 “通過分析、比較不同國家的數據而開展的跨國對比研究”。聽兩個例句。
Examples
We need to carry out a cross-national comparison to see if the problem exists in other countries.
(我們需要開展跨國對比研究,看看其它國家是否也存在這個問題。)
We used the results of the cross-national analysis to plan our strategy.
(我們利用跨國分析研究得到的結果來規劃我們的戰略。)
Jiaying
接下來看 “multinational” 和 “transnational”,它們既可以作名詞,也可以作形容詞使用,多用于談論商業的語境中。
Phil
They describe large companies operating in more than one country.
Jiaying
作名詞時,“multinational” 和 “transnational” 指 “跨國企業”。
從構詞上來看,“multinational” 中的前綴 “multi-” 的意思是 “不止一個,多個”,所以 “a multinational” 就指 “在多國開展業務的企業”;“transnational” 中的前綴 “trans-” 表示 “穿越”,所以 “transnational” 指 “所開展的業務穿越國界的企業”,也就是 “跨國企業”,兩個詞通常可以互換使用。聽兩個例句。
Examples
It's believed that the arrival of multinationals in the city will lead to increased employment opportunities.
(人們相信,跨國公司的到來會給這座城市帶來更多的就業機會。)
Many graduates dream of getting jobs at transnationals.
(許多畢業生夢想在跨國企業找到工作。)
Phil
When used as adjectives, 'multinational' and 'transnational' often describe businesses. Like all the words we've looked at here, they're used to say that companies or organisations operate in more than one country.
Jiaying
形容詞 “multinational” 和 “transnational” 多表示 “(企業或機構的類型是)跨國的”。此外,兩者都可以表示 “(方案、計劃、方法是)涉及多國的”。聽兩個例句。
Examples
Multinational charities can sometimes have a large impact.
(跨國慈善機構有時會起到巨大的作用。)
Different countries have come together to set up transnational networks to tackle global environmental issues.
(不同的國家共同合作,建立跨國網絡,以解決全球環境問題。)
Jiaying
歸納一下:形容詞 “international” 的意思是 “國際的”,用法是四個詞語中最廣泛的一個。形容詞 “cross-national” 多見于學術領域,表示一項研究是 “跨國的”。“Multinational” 和 “transnational” 都可以指 “跨國公司”,作形容詞時表示 “(公司、機構是)跨國的”,或者 “(方案、計劃、方法是)涉及多國的”。
Phil
We hope that we've answered your question. Remember that if you have a question you'd like us to answer, you can email us too at: questions.chinaelt@bbc.co.uk
Jiaying
你也可以通過微博向我們提問。我們的微博賬號是 “BBC英語教學”。Bye, everyone.
Phil
Bye.