五、全面加強人權法治建設
V. Comprehensively Promoting the Rule of Law for Human Rights

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改革開放40年來，從加強法制到依法治國再到全面依法治國，中國將人權保障貫穿于科學立法、嚴格執法、公正司法、全民守法諸環節，努力建設社會主義法治國家，人權法治化保障水平不斷邁上新臺階。
Over the four decades since the launch of reform and opening up, from strengthening the legal system, to governing the country by law, and thence to comprehensively promoting the rule of law, China has worked hard to protect human rights throughout. It has endeavored to ensure that a well-conceived approach is taken to legislation, that law is strictly enforced, that justice is impartially administered, and that the law is observed by everyone. Striving to build a socialist country under the rule of law, it has made new progress in the legal protection of human rights.

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（一）構建了較為完備的人權保障法律規范體系
1. Establishing the Legal Framework to Protect Human Rights

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中國逐步建立了以憲法為核心，以憲法相關法、民法商法等多個法律部門的法律為主干，由法律、行政法規、地方性法規等多個層次的法律規范構成的中國特色社會主義法律體系，涵蓋人權保障各層面的法律法規已經比較完備。
China has gradually established a socialist legal framework with Chinese characteristics. In this framework, the Constitution is at the core, and laws related to the Constitution, the Civil Law, the Commercial Law, and other legal departments are the main body, covering laws, administrative regulations, and local laws and regulations at multiple levels. The laws and regulations covering all levels of human rights protection are relatively complete.

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保障公民及政治權利的法律規范不斷完善。立法法規定，有關犯罪和刑罰、對公民政治權利的剝奪和限制人身自由的強制措施和處罰、司法制度等事項,只有全國人大及其常委會有權立法。刑法確立罪刑法定原則、適用刑法人人平等原則、罪責刑相適應原則，刑事訴訟法將“尊重和保障人權”寫入總則，明確規定無罪推定原則、非法證據排除規則，既依法打擊侵犯公民生命、健康、自由、財產等權利的犯罪行為，又重視保護犯罪嫌疑人、被告人和罪犯依法享有的人權。選舉法、集會游行示威法、民族區域自治法以及宗教、信訪、出版、社團登記等方面的行政法規，對保障公民及政治權利作出了明確規定。國家安全法、反間諜法、反恐怖主義法、網絡安全法、國家情報法、核安全法等法律，為維護公民人身財產安全、公共安全和國家安全提供堅實的法制保障。
The legal norms guaranteeing civil and political rights have been improved. The Legislation Law stipulates that only the National People's Congress and its Standing Committee have the power to legislate on matters concerning criminal offences and penalties, compulsory measures and penalties involving deprivation of a citizen's political rights or restriction of personal freedom, the justice system, and others. The Criminal Law establishes three principles: 1) Any act deemed by explicit stipulations of law as a crime should be prosecuted and punished as such, and any act not deemed by explicit stipulations of law as a crime is not to be prosecuted or punished. 2) Everyone is equal before the law. No one is permitted to have privileges to transgress the law. 3) The severity of punishments must be commensurate with the crime committed by an offender and the criminal responsibility is to be borne by the offender. The Criminal Procedure Law contains in its General Provisions the principle to "respect and protect human rights". It also clearly stipulates the principle of presumption of innocence and the rules for the exclusion of illegal evidence. It proscribes criminal acts infringing upon citizens' rights to life, health, freedom, property, etc. by law, while attaching importance to protecting the human rights enjoyed by criminal suspects, accused persons, and criminals in accordance with the law. The Election Law, Law on Assemblies, Processions and Demonstrations, Law on Regional Ethnic Autonomy, and administrative regulations on religion, letters and visits, publishing, and association registration have clear articles on the protection of civil and political rights.The National Security Law, Counter-Espionage Law, Counter-Terrorism Law, Cyber Security Law, National Intelligence Law, Nuclear Safety Law and other laws provide a solid legal basis for guaranteeing personal and property security, public security and national security.

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保障經濟社會文化權利的法律規范更加健全。制定民法通則、民法總則等民事法律，保障公民人身權、人格權、財產權。制定就業促進法、勞動合同法、工會法、職業病防治法等法律，保障公民勞動權。出臺社會保險法，建立并完善統籌城鄉的社會保障體系，落實社會保障權。制定食品安全法、藥品管理法、傳染病防治法、中醫藥法、體育法、全民健身條例等法律法規，保護公民生命權、健康權。制定修訂教育法、義務教育法、高等教育法、教師法等法律，推動教育均衡發展，保障公民受教育權。制定文物保護法、非物質文化遺產法、公共文化服務保障法、電影產業促進法、公共圖書館法、博物館條例、公共文化體育實施條例等法律法規，豐富公共文化服務內容，保障公民文化權益的實現。逐漸完善以專利法、商標法、著作權法為核心的知識產權法律法規體系，依法保障無形財產權利，不斷加大知識產權保護力度，激發創新主體積極性，促進知識產權運用。制定環境保護法、大氣污染防治法、土壤污染防治法、水污染防治法、海洋環境保護法、水土保持法等生態環境法律法規，建立環境侵權訴訟和公益訴訟程序規則，為人民享有環境權利提供牢固法律保障。
The legal norms guaranteeing economic, social and cultural rights have been improved. China has enacted the General Principles of the Civil Law, General Provisions of the Civil Law and other civil laws to protect citizens' personal rights, right to dignity, and property rights. It has enacted the Employment Promotion Law, Labor Contract Law, Trade Union Law, Law on the Prevention and Control of Occupational Diseases, and other laws to guarantee citizens' labor rights. It has promulgated the Social Insurance Law, and established a sound social security system for urban and rural development, ensuring citizens' right to social security. It has formulated the Food Safety Law, Pharmaceutical Administration Law, Law on Prevention and Control of Infectious Diseases, Law on Traditional Chinese Medicine, Law on Physical Culture and Sports, Regulations on National Fitness, and other laws and regulations to protect citizens' right to life and health. It has enacted and revised the Education Law, Compulsory Education Law, Higher Education Law, Teachers Law and other laws to promote balanced development of education and protect citizens' right to education. It has formulated the Cultural Relics Protection Law, Intangible Cultural Heritage Law, Public Cultural Service Guarantee Law, Film Industry Promotion Law, Law on Public Libraries, Regulations on Museums, and Regulations on Public Cultural and Sports Facilities, and other laws and regulations to enrich public cultural services and extend citizens' cultural rights and interests. It has gradually improved the legal system of intellectual property protection with the Patent Law, Trademark Law and Copyright Law at the core in the efforts to protect by law intangible property rights, strengthen intellectual property protection, motivate subjects of innovation, and promote application of intellectual property rights. It has enacted the Environmental Protection Law, Atmospheric Pollution Prevention and Control Law, Soil Pollution Prevention and Control Law, Water Pollution Prevention and Control Law, Marine Environment Protection Law, Water and Soil Conservation Law, and other environmental laws and regulations, and established procedures and rules for environment-related tort litigation and public interest litigation to provide a solid basis for guaranteeing people's environmental rights.

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（二）形成嚴格公正的人權保障執法體系

2. Establishing a Strict and Impartial Law Enforcement System for Human Rights Protection

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中國不斷強化依法行政，通過建設職能科學、權責法定、執法嚴明、公開公正、廉潔高效、守法誠信的法治政府，將人民權益得到切實有效保障作為法治政府的衡量標準和最終目標，在嚴格執法、執法為民中尊重和保障人權。
China has constantly strengthened law-based administration. By building a law-based government that has well-conceived functions and statutorily-defined powers and responsibilities, strictly enforces the law, and is open and impartial, clean and efficient, and credible and law-abiding, it has made the effective protection of people's rights and interests a criterion and an ultimate goal of government. It respects and protects human rights in strictly enforcing the law on behalf of the people.

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依法確定行政權力界限。確立法無授權不可為的行政執法原則，實施權力清單、責任清單制度，禁止法外設權、違法用權。行政訴訟法為監督行政機關依法行使權力和維護公民合法權利提供明確法律依據，自頒布實施以來，平均每年受理行政案件10萬余件。持續深化“放管服”改革，加快轉變政府職能，削減國務院部門行政審批事項，徹底終結非行政許可審批，大幅減少中央政府層面核準的企業投資項目、行政審批中介服務事項、職業資格許可和認定等。
Delimiting administrative power in accordance with the law. China has established a principle for administrative law enforcement that administrative bodies should not do things not mandated by law, introduced a list of well-defined government powers and a list of responsibilities, and prohibited any power not provided for by law, or any illegal use of power. The Administrative Litigation Law provides a clear legal basis for supervising administrative bodies' exercise of powers in accordance with the law and safeguarding the legitimate rights of citizens. Since the law was enacted and came into force, on average more than 100,000 administrative cases have been accepted each year. In its effort to improve governance, China has accelerated the transformation of government functions, streamlining administration and delegating power to the lower levels, exercising better supervision over the market, and providing efficient services to business. It has cut down the number of items subject to administrative examination and approval by the State Council departments, completely ruled out examination and approval for non-administrative licenses, and substantially reduced enterprise investment projects subject to approval by central authorities, intermediary services subject to administrative examination and approval, and licensing and recognition of professional qualifications.

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不斷完善行政執法程序。建立健全行政裁量權基準制度，細化行政裁量標準，規范裁量范圍、種類、幅度。健全行政執法調查取證、告知、罰沒收入管理等制度，明確聽證的適用條件，嚴格執行重大行政執法決定法制審核制度，全方位實施政府法律顧問制度。推行行政執法公示制度和執法全過程記錄制度，實現全過程留痕和可回溯管理。加強行政執法信息化建設和信息共享，推動建立統一的行政執法信息平臺，完善網上執法辦案及信息查詢系統。
Improving procedures for administrative law enforcement. China has established a sound system of benchmarks for administrative discretion, specifying the standards for administrative discretion as well as defining its scope, categories, and scale. It has improved the systems for conducting investigations, collecting evidence, notifying people subject to the administrative law enforcement of their right, managing confiscated income, and other areas of administrative law enforcement, clarified the conditions applicable to hearings, strictly implemented the system for reviewing the legality of major administrative law enforcement decisions, and carried out the system of creating legal counsel teams in government departments at all levels. It has implemented a system of disclosing information on administrative law enforcement and a system for recording the entire enforcement process so that every case of such enforcement is traceable. It has strengthened IT application and information-sharing in administrative law enforcement, worked to establish a unified information platform for administrative law enforcement, and improved the online case handling and information inquiry system.

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深入推進嚴格規范公正文明執法。大力推進執法規范化建設，規范執法權力運行，著力推進執法公開，構建高效、便捷、公正、透明的執法機制。完善執法質量考評和責任追究機制，有效規范執法人員執法行為，保障行政管理相對人合法權益。開展綜合行政執法體制改革試點，整合執法職能部門，推行綜合執法，加大對重點領域的執法力度。健全行政執法人員資格管理制度，將通過全國統一法律職業資格考試作為部分行政執法人員的任職條件。全面建設法治公安，著力提升民警執法素質，實行民警執法資格等級考試制度，截至2018年9月，全國公安機關在職民警共有170.04萬人取得基本級執法資格，4.77萬人取得高級執法資格。
Promoting strict, procedure-based, impartial and non-abusive law enforcement. China has made great efforts to regulate the exercise of law enforcement powers, promoted transparency in law enforcement, and worked hard to build an efficient, convenient, fair and transparent law enforcement mechanism. It has improved the mechanisms of quality evaluation and accountability of law enforcement, effectively regulating law enforcement officials' conduct and protecting the legitimate rights and interests of persons or parties subject to their actions. It has carried out pilot reforms of the comprehensive administrative law enforcement system, integrated law enforcement functional departments, promoted comprehensive law enforcement, and strengthened law enforcement in key areas. China has improved the qualification management system for administrative law enforcement personnel, and required defined personnel to pass the unified national qualification exam of legal profession. It has worked hard on every aspect of a law-abiding public security system and the quality of law enforcement by police, and it has implemented the system of qualification exams for law enforcement police officers. By the end of September 2018, 1,700,400 police officers all over the country had basic-level certification for law enforcement and 47,700 had gained upper-level certification.

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（三）有效提升人權司法保障水平
3. Effectively Enhancing Judicial Protection of Human Rights

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中國以憲法、人民法院組織法、人民檢察院組織法以及相關訴訟法為法律依據，建立健全公安機關、檢察機關、審判機關、司法行政機關各司其職，偵查權、檢察權、審判權、執行權相互配合、相互制約的司法體制機制，加強人權司法保障，完善國家賠償制度、司法救助制度，堅持司法為民，努力讓人民群眾在每一個司法案件中都感受到公平正義。
Based on the Constitution, Organic Law of the People's Courts, Organic Law of the People's Procuratorates, and relevant procedure laws, China has put in place sound judicial institutions by which public security organs, procuratorial organs, judicial organs, and judicial administrative organs perform their own functions, and cooperate and check each other in the exercise of the investigative, procuratorial, judicial, and enforcement powers. China has strengthened judicial protection of human rights, improved the state compensation system and judicial assistance system, put people first in its judicial system, and endeavored to embody fairness and justice in each and every legal case.

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在深化司法改革中推進人權司法保障。先后發布四個“人民法院五年改革綱要”和三個“人民檢察院檢察改革三年意見”。中共十八屆三中全會和十八屆四中全會把加強和完善人權司法保障納入全面深化改革和全面推進依法治國戰略布局。保障人民法院、人民檢察院依法獨立公正行使審判權、檢察權，實行人財物省級統一管理，設立最高人民法院巡回法庭，設立跨行政區劃人民法院和人民檢察院。實行法官檢察官員額制，司法人員正規化、專業化、職業化水平進一步提升。實行立案登記制，保障當事人訴權。推進以審判為中心的訴訟制度改革，保證庭審在公正裁判中發揮決定性作用。實行司法責任制，加強對司法活動的監督。改革和完善人民陪審員制度，促進司法公正，提升司法公信力。建成審判流程、庭審活動、裁判文書、執行信息四大公開平臺，深化司法公開。
Promoting judicial protection of human rights in extended judicial reform. China has issued four outlines for five-year reform of the people's courts and three decisions on three-year reform of the people's procuratorates. The 18th CPC Central Committee incorporated the need to strengthen and improve judicial protection of human rights into the plan of deeper-level reform at the Third Plenary Session, and into the plan of comprehensively advancing the rule of law at the Fourth Plenary Session. It has enabled the people's courts to exercise judicial power and people's procuratorates to exercise procuratorial power independently and impartially in accordance with the law. It has carried out unified management of personnel and financial assets at provincial level. The Circuit Court of the Supreme People's Court has been set up, and people's courts and people's procuratorates across administrative boundaries have been established. China has adopted a quota system for judges and procurators, enabling judicial personnel to be more regularized and professional. China has implemented a case docketing and registration system to protect the rights of the parties concerned. It has further reformed the trial-centered litigation system to ensure that court trials play a decisive role in impartial adjudication, and implemented the judicial responsibility system to strengthen supervision over judicial activities. China has reformed and improved the system of people's jurors to promote judicial justice and enhance judicial credibility. It has established four major platforms for releasing information on judicial process, trials, written judgments, and the execution of judgments to promote judicial openness.

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保障當事人獲得公正審判的權利。充分保障犯罪嫌疑人和被告人的辯護權，犯罪嫌疑人自被偵查機關第一次訊問或者被采取強制措施之日起，有權委托辯護人，被告人有權隨時委托辯護人。推進刑事案件律師辯護全覆蓋試點工作，努力保障所有刑事案件被告人都能獲得律師辯護，促進司法公正。嚴格遵循證據裁判原則，對證據不足不構成犯罪的依法宣告無罪，堅決防止和糾正冤假錯案。中國嚴格控制并慎用死刑，大幅減少適用死刑的罪名。2007年，最高人民法院收回死刑復核權。建立完善法律援助制度，擴大被援助人覆蓋范圍，為犯罪嫌疑人、被告人提供法律咨詢、辯護。截至2018年9月，全國共設立法律援助機構3200余個，法律援助工作站7萬余個，建立看守所法律援助工作站2500多個，法院法律援助工作站3300多個，實現在看守所、人民法院法律援助工作站全覆蓋。
Ensuring that all parties enjoy the right to fair trial. China has fully guaranteed the right of criminal suspects and defendants to defense. A criminal suspect has the right to entrust a defender from the date when organs of investigation conduct the first interrogation or a compulsory measure is taken against the suspect. A defendant has the right to authorize a defender at any time. It has launched a pilot program of full coverage of legal defense in criminal cases to ensure that defendants in all criminal cases can obtain legal defense in order to promote judicial justice. China strictly follows the principle of evidence-based adjudication to resolutely prevent and correct wrongful convictions. Suspects are acquitted in accordance with the law when the evidence does not support the allegation that a crime has been committed. China strictly controls and carefully uses the death penalty; the number of capital offences has been substantially reduced. In 2007, the Supreme People's Court took back the right to review all capital sentences. China has established a sound legal aid system and expanded its coverage to provide legal advice and defense for criminal suspects and defendants. As of September 2018, the country had established some 3,200 legal aid institutions and more than 70,000 legal aid workstations, including some 2,500 in detention centers and 3,300 in courts, realizing full coverage of legal aid workstations in detention centers and people's courts.

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保障犯罪嫌疑人、被告人、服刑人及刑滿釋放人員合法權利。出臺《看守所條例》，并正在起草制定看守所法，進一步保障被羈押人的人格尊嚴及律師會見、申訴、醫療等合法權利。制定并嚴格執行監獄法，保障罪犯人格尊嚴不受侵犯，人身權、生命健康權、受教育權等得到維護，深化獄務公開。出臺《律師會見監獄在押罪犯規定》，開展罪犯離監探親活動，有效保護罪犯合法權利。建立社區矯正制度，依法擴大非監禁刑適用，促進社區服刑人員順利回歸社會。截至2018年9月，全國已累計接收社區服刑人員412萬人，解除矯正342萬人，現有社區服刑人員70萬人，矯正期間再犯罪率一直處于0.2%左右的較低水平。健全完善刑滿釋放人員救助管理制度，對符合條件的刑滿釋放人員落實最低生活保障、臨時救助等救助措施，落實就業扶持政策，提高刑滿釋放人員就業能力。
Guaranteeing the legitimate rights and interests of criminal suspects, defendants, prisoners and people released after serving their sentence. China has published the Regulations on Detention Centers, and is drafting the law on detention centers. With these, China further guarantees the dignity and legitimate interests of detainees, and the right to meet lawyers, appeal, and receive medical treatment. It has formulated and strictly enforced the Prison Law, ensuring that criminals' personal dignity is not violated, and their personal rights, right to life and health, and right to education are safeguarded, and that prison affairs are open to the public. It has published the Provisions on Meetings Between Lawyers and Prison Inmates, and carried out activities for prison inmates to leave prisons and visit relatives, effectively protecting the legal rights of convicted criminals. China has established the system of community correction. Community correction, or non-custodial correction penalties, was imposed on those whose crimes are relatively minor and who have been sentenced to public surveillance, probation, release on parole, and temporary sanction outside prison. By the end of September 2018, a total of 4.12 million persons throughout the country had received community correction orders. Of these, 3.42 million had completed their correction, and 700,000 were still subject to their correction orders. The recidivism rate in the case of those assigned to community correction is low, only 0.2 percent. China has improved the assistance and management system for people released after completing their prison sentence. It provides subsistence allowances, temporary assistance and other aids for those eligible, and carries out employment support policies to improve the employability of people released upon completion of their sentence.

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建立健全國家賠償制度和司法救助制度。頒布國家賠償法，不斷完善行政賠償、刑事賠償和非刑事司法賠償制度，增加精神損害賠償，提高賠償標準，保障賠償金及時支付。侵犯公民人身自由權每日賠償金額從1995年的17.16元人民幣，上升到2018年的284.74元人民幣。2013年至2018年6月，各級人民法院受理國家賠償案件22821件。不斷完善司法救助制度，出臺《關于開展刑事被害人救助工作的若干意見》等文件，設立司法救助委員會，積極推動司法救助與社會救助、法律援助的銜接。2013年至2017年，發放司法救助金26.7億元，幫助無法獲得有效賠償的受害人擺脫生活困境。
Improving the state compensation system and judicial aid system. China has promulgated the State Compensation Law, and continued to improve systems of administrative compensation, criminal compensation and non-criminal judicial compensation. It has increased compensation for infliction of mental distress, raised standards of compensation, and guaranteed that compensation is paid in a timely manner. The daily compensation for violation of citizens' personal liberty has risen from RMB17.16 yuan in 1995 to RMB284.74 in 2018. From 2013 to June 2018, the people's courts at all levels accepted 22,821 cases involving state compensation. China has continued to improve the judicial aid system. It has published Decisions on the Work of Relieving Criminal Victims and several other documents, while establishing a judicial aid committee to actively dovetail judicial aid with social assistance and legal aid. From 2013 to 2017, RMB2.67 billion of judicial aid was granted to help victims in difficulty who had not been able to obtain effective compensation.

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切實解決執行難，保障勝訴當事人權利實現。建立健全民事裁判文書強制執行機制，建立失信被執行人信用監督、威懾和懲戒法律制度，建立全國統一的網絡執行查控體系、信用懲戒網絡系統和網絡司法拍賣平臺。2016年至2018年9月，全國法院共受理執行案件1884萬件，執結1693.8萬件（含終本案件），執行到位金額4.07萬億元。規范查封、扣押、凍結、處理涉案財物的司法程序，在保障勝訴當事人權益的同時，不損害被執行人合法權利。
Effectively resolving difficulties in the execution of court rulings and ensuring the interests of successful litigants. China has established a sound mechanism for compulsory execution of civil judgment documents and a legal system of credit supervision, warning and punishment over dishonest debtors who have failed to respect judgements. It has also established a national online check and control system about the execution of court rulings, a network system for punishment of loss of credit, and a platform for online judicial auctions. From 2016 to September 2018, courts across the country heard a total of 18.84 million applications for execution, of which 16.94 million (including terminated enforcement procedures) were concluded. They involved sums amounting to RMB4.07 trillion. China has regulated judicial procedures for securing, detaining, freezing, and handling assets involved, thus protecting the rights and interests of successful litigants while not infringing the legal rights of judgement debtors.

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（四）建立嚴密的反腐法治體系
4. Establishing a Tight Rule of Law System Against Corruption

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中國大力推進法治反腐，把權力關進制度的籠子，為加強人權法治化保障提供有力支撐。
China has worked hard to promote the rule of law against corruption, and confine the exercise of power to an institutional cage, providing strong support for the legal protection of human rights.

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完善反腐敗體制機制。1978年，各級檢察機關設立反貪污賄賂和法紀檢察內設機構，嚴厲打擊各類貪污賄賂瀆職犯罪；1995年和2005年，最高人民檢察院分別成立反貪污賄賂總局和反瀆職侵權局；2007年，設立國家預防腐敗局。2018年，通過憲法修正案并制定監察法，組建國家監察委員會，實現對所有行使公權力的公職人員監察全覆蓋。
Improving anti-corruption institutions. In 1978, procuratorial organs at all levels set up internal units to act against corruption and bribery, and units of law and discipline inspection to crack down on all crimes of corruption, bribery and malfeasance. The Supreme People's Procuratorate set up the General Administration Against Corruption and Bribery in 1995 and the Bureau Against Malfeasance and Tort in 2005. In 2007, the National Bureau of Corruption Prevention was founded. In 2018, the Constitution of the PRC was amended, the Supervision Law was enacted, and the National Supervisory Commission was set up, covering all public officials exercising public power.

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堅決開展反腐敗斗爭。中國共產黨和中國政府堅定不移地開展黨風廉政建設和反腐敗斗爭，堅持無禁區、全覆蓋、零容忍，堅持重遏制、強高壓、長震懾，堅持受賄行賄一起查，持續保持懲治腐敗高壓態勢。2012年12月至2018年9月，全國紀檢監察機關共立案215.3萬件，處分213.2萬人。2012年12月至2017年9月，涉嫌犯罪被移送司法機關處理5.8萬人。堅決整治群眾身邊的腐敗，特別是扶貧、教育、醫療、食品藥品及涉黑“保護傘”等領域腐敗問題，2015年至2018年9月，共查處侵害群眾利益的腐敗和作風問題39.98萬件，處理51.21萬人。深化國際反腐敗合作，公布百名外逃人員紅色通緝令，連續組織開展“天網行動”。2014年至2018年9月，共從120多個國家和地區追回外逃人員4719人，追贓103.72億元，“百名紅通人員”已有54名落網。
Resolutely fighting against corruption. The CPC and the Chinese government have worked hard to enhance Party conduct, uphold clean government, and fight corruption. Showing zero tolerance for corruption, the campaign covers all those holding public office without exception. China imposes tight constraints, maintains a tough stance and a long-term deterrence, punishes both those who take bribes and those who offer them, and maintains a tough position on fighting corruption. From December 2012 to September 2018, commissions for discipline inspection and departments of supervision around the country filed a total of 2,153,000 cases and disciplined 2,132,000 persons. From December 2012 to September 2017, 58,000 cases of suspected criminal activity were transferred to the judiciary. China has resolutely fought corruption that directly affects ordinary people's lives, especially in the areas of poverty alleviation, education, medical care, food and medicine, and criminal syndicate-related "protection" rackets. From 2015 to September 2018, a total of 399,800 cases of corruption and misconduct that undermine the people's interests were investigated, and 512,100 people were dealt with. China has strengthened international cooperation against corruption, published a list of 100 most-wanted fugitives, and organized a series of "Sky Net" operations. From 2014 to September 2018, 4,719 fugitives were brought back from more than 120 countries and regions, including 54 on the list of 100 most-wanted fugitives, and illegal assets worth RMB10.37 billion were recovered.

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（五）營造人權法治保障的良好氛圍
5. Building a Positive Atmosphere for the Legal Protection of Human Rights

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注重提高全社會的人權法治意識，夯實人權法治化保障的社會基礎。自1986年開始在全國范圍內連續實施七個5年普法計劃，普及人權法治觀念，實行國家機關“誰執法誰普法”普法責任制。確定每年12月4日為國家憲法日，開展憲法教育，促進依法保障人權觀念深入人心。注重把法治與人權教育納入國民教育體系，在中小學教育中融入人權基礎知識，在高校開設人權法學等人權類課程。設立國家人權教育與培訓基地，出版《人權》《人權研究》等特色鮮明的專業刊物，面向各級領導干部、不同階層群體開展專項人權培訓。中國人權研究會等社會組織大力推進人權研究、教育和知識普及，共同為保障人權奠定堅實的社會基礎。
Enhancing public awareness of the rule of law for human rights and laying a strong foundation for the legal protection of human rights. Since 1986, China has implemented seven nationwide five-year plans on enhancing public legal awareness, popularizing the rule of law for human rights. It has also carried out a responsibility program in which state law enforcement departments are responsible for strengthening public legal awareness. China has set December 4 as National Constitution Day, and carried out constitutional education to promote legal protection of human rights to the public. China has incorporated education on the rule of law and human rights into the national education system. Basic knowledge of human rights has been integrated into primary and secondary education, and human rights law and other courses related to human rights are offered in universities. China has set up national human rights education and training bases. Professional periodicals including Human Rights and Human Rights Studies are published in China. Special human rights training programs are conducted for officials at all levels and different strata or groups of people. Social organizations such as the China Society for Human Rights Studies have made great efforts to advance human rights research and education and promote knowledge of the subject, laying a solid social foundation for safeguarding human rights.