二、防控和救治兩個戰場協同作戰
II. Well-Coordinated Prevention, Control and Treatment

面對突發疫情侵襲，中國把人民生命安全和身體健康放在第一位，統籌疫情防控和醫療救治，采取最全面最嚴格最徹底的防控措施，前所未有地采取大規模隔離措施，前所未有地調集全國資源開展大規模醫療救治，不遺漏一個感染者，不放棄每一位病患，實現“應收盡收、應治盡治、應檢盡檢、應隔盡隔”，遏制了疫情大面積蔓延，改變了病毒傳播的危險進程。“通過全面執行（中國）這些措施可以爭取到一些時間，即使只有幾天或數周，但這對最終減少新冠肺炎感染人數和死亡人數的價值不可估量。”（注1）
The coronavirus caught China unawares. Putting people’s lives and health first, the Chinese government has acted swiftly to fight the virus and provide medical treatment for patients. It has adopted the most thorough, rigorous and comprehensive prevention and control measures, enforced quarantine and isolation on a scale never seen before, and mobilized medical resources across the country. It has ensured that all those in need have been tested, quarantined, hospitalized or treated. With these measures in place, China has prevented a wider spread and further development of the virus. “The time that can be gained through the full application of these measures [in China] – even if just days or weeks – can be invaluable in ultimately reducing Covid-19 illness and deaths,” says Report of the WHO-China Joint Mission on Coronavirus Disease 2019 (Covid-19) published on February 28, 2020.

（一）建立統一高效的指揮體系
1.Centralized and Efficient Command

在以習近平同志為核心的中共中央堅強領導下，建立中央統一指揮、統一協調、統一調度，各地方各方面各負其責、協調配合，集中統一、上下協同、運行高效的指揮體系，為打贏疫情防控的人民戰爭、總體戰、阻擊戰提供了有力保證。
Under the strong leadership of the CPC Central Committee with Xi Jinping at its core, China has put in place an efficient system under which the central authorities exercise overall command, while local authorities and all sectors follow the leadership and instructions of the central authorities, perform their respective duties, and cooperate with each other. This highly efficient system has made it possible for China to win its all-out people’s war against the virus.

習近平總書記親自指揮、親自部署。習近平總書記高度重視疫情防控工作，全面加強集中統一領導，強調把人民生命安全和身體健康放在第一位，提出“堅定信心、同舟共濟、科學防治、精準施策”的總要求，明確堅決打贏疫情防控的人民戰爭、總體戰、阻擊戰。習近平總書記主持召開14次中央政治局常委會會議、4次中央政治局會議以及中央全面依法治國委員會會議、中央網絡安全和信息化委員會會議、中央全面深化改革委員會會議、中央外事工作委員會會議、黨外人士座談會等會議，聽取中央應對疫情工作領導小組和中央指導組匯報，因時因勢調整防控策略，對加強疫情防控、開展國際合作等進行全面部署；在北京就社區防控、防疫科研攻關等進行考察，親臨武漢一線視察指導，赴浙江、陜西、山西就統籌推進常態化疫情防控和經濟社會發展工作、鞏固脫貧攻堅成果進行考察調研；時刻關注疫情動態和防控進展，及時作出決策部署。
General Secretary Xi Jinping takes charge of Covid-19 response.Attaching high importance to Covid-19 prevention and control, Xi Jinping assumed full command over the control efforts from the very beginning. He highlighted the need to put people’s lives and health first, to firm up confidence, strengthen solidarity, adopt a science-based approach, and take targeted measures. He called for a nationwide effort to block the spread of the virus and defeat it.Xi Jinping has chaired 14 meetings of the Standing Committee of the Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee, 4 meetings of the Political Bureau, meetings of the Central Commission for Law-based Governance, Central Cyberspace Affairs Commission, Central Commission for Further Reform, and Central Commission for Foreign Affairs, and a meeting with prominent non-CPC figures. At these meetings, he heard briefings from the Central Leading Group for Novel Coronavirus Prevention and Control and the Central Steering Group, adjusted response measures in view of the evolving Covid-19 dynamics, and made decisions on overall plans for strengthening control efforts and international cooperation.He inspected community response and Covid-19 research in Beijing, and visited Wuhan to guide frontline response. He made inspection tours to Zhejiang, Shaanxi and Shanxi provinces where he was briefed on progress in coordinating epidemic prevention and control with economic and social development, and in poverty alleviation. He has closely followed developments in China’s virus control and made timely decisions accordingly.

加強統籌協調、協同聯動。中共中央政治局常委、國務院總理、中央應對疫情工作領導小組組長李克強主持召開30余次領導小組會議，研究部署疫情防控和統籌推進經濟社會發展的重大問題和重要工作，赴北京、武漢等地和中國疾控中心、中國醫學科學院病原生物學研究所、北京西站、首都機場及疫情防控國家重點醫療物資保障調度等平臺考察調研。中央指導組指導湖北省、武漢市加強防控工作，以爭分奪秒的戰時狀態開展工作，有力控制了疫情流行，守住了第一道防線。國務院聯防聯控機制發揮協調作用，持續召開例會跟蹤分析研判疫情形勢，加強醫務人員和醫療物資調度，根據疫情發展變化相應調整防控策略和重點工作。國務院復工復產推進工作機制，加強復工復產統籌指導和協調服務，打通產業鏈、供應鏈堵點，增強協同復工復產動能。
Government departments have made well-coordinated control efforts.Premier Li Keqiang, as head of the Central Leading Group for Novel Coronavirus Prevention and Control, has chaired more than 30 meetings of the leading group to discuss key issues concerning Covid-19 control and economic and social development, and important decisions were made at the meetings. He visited Wuhan and inspected China CDC, the Institute of Pathogen Biology CAMS & PUMC, Beijing West Railway Station, Beijing Capital International Airport, and the National Distribution Center for Major Anti-epidemic Medical Supplies.The Central Steering Group responded swiftly to guide Hubei Province and Wuhan City to intensify their control efforts. It thus helped contain the virus and hold a strong first line of defense against the virus.The Joint Prevention and Control Mechanism of the State Council has played the coordinating role and held regular meetings to keep abreast of the situation, dispatch medical teams, and allocate supplies, and it has made timely adjustments to control policies and priorities in response to new developments. Through its mechanism for promoting the return to work, the State Council has strengthened guidance and coordination, removed barriers in the industrial and supply chains, and ensured the resumption of normal daily life.

各地方各方面守土有責、守土盡責。全國各省、市、縣成立由黨政主要負責人掛帥的應急指揮機制，自上而下構建統一指揮、一線指導、統籌協調的應急決策指揮體系。在中共中央統一領導下，各地方各方面堅決貫徹中央決策部署，有令必行、有禁必止，嚴格高效落實各項防控措施，全國形成了全面動員、全面部署、全面加強，橫向到邊、縱向到底的疫情防控局面。
Local authorities and other stakeholders have lived up to their responsibilities.Emergency command mechanisms headed by leading Party and government officials were established in provinces, cities and counties across the country, forming a top-down system with unified command, frontline guidance, and coordination between departments and among provinces. Local authorities and other stakeholders have implemented each and every one of the decisions, plans and prohibitions of the central authorities, and strictly and effectively enforced all response measures. Thus, an effective and well-functioning whole-of-the-nation control mechanism is in place.

（二）構建全民參與嚴密防控體系
2. A Tight Prevention and Control System Involving All Sectors of Society

針對春節期間人員密集、流動性大的特點，中國迅速開展社會動員、發動全民參與，堅持依法、科學、精準防控，在全國范圍內實施史無前例的大規模公共衛生應對舉措，通過超常規的社會隔離和靈活、人性化的社會管控措施，構建聯防聯控、群防群控防控體系，打響抗擊疫情人民戰爭，通過非藥物手段有效阻斷了病毒傳播鏈條。
The Chinese New Year is marked by enormous population flows in dense groups. In view of this fact, the Chinese government quickly mobilized the whole of society and galvanized the people into a nationwide response. A targeted, law- and science-based approach was adopted, and public health emergency response measures were rolled out on an unprecedented and extensive scale across the country. Through the strictest social distancing and flexible, people-centered social management, China put in place a prevention and control system involving governments at all levels and the whole of society, and launched a people’s war on the virus applying non-medical means that has effectively blocked its transmission routes.

采取有力措施堅決控制傳染源。以確診患者、疑似患者、發熱患者、確診患者的密切接觸者等“四類人員”為重點，實行“早發現、早報告、早隔離、早治療”和“應收盡收、應治盡治、應檢盡檢、應隔盡隔”的防治方針，最大限度降低傳染率。關閉離漢通道期間，武漢對全市421萬戶居民集中開展兩輪拉網式排查，以“不落一戶、不漏一人”標準實現“存量清零”，確保沒有新的潛在感染源發生。持續提升核酸檢測能力，增強試劑盒供應能力，擴充檢測機構，縮短檢測周期，確保檢測質量，實現“應檢盡檢”“即收即檢”。湖北省檢測周期從2天縮短到4－6小時，日檢測量由疫情初期的300人份提升到4月中旬的5萬人份以上，縮短了患者確診時間，降低了傳播風險。在全國范圍內排查“四類人員”，以社區網格為基礎單元，采取上門排查與自查自報相結合的方式展開地毯式排查。全面實行各類場所體溫篩查，強化醫療機構發熱門診病例監測和傳染病網絡直報，實行2小時網絡直報、12小時反饋檢測結果、24小時內完成現場流行病學調查，及時發現和報告確診病例和無癥狀感染者。加強流行病學追蹤調查，精準追蹤和切斷病毒傳播途徑，截至5月31日，全國累計追蹤管理密切接觸者74萬余人。
Strong measures were taken to control sources of infection.The Chinese government defined a set of requirements: early detection, reporting, quarantine and treatment with a focus on the four categories of vulnerable people (confirmed cases, suspected cases, febrile patients who might be carriers, and close contacts). It had also taken measures to ensure that they were hospitalized, treated, tested or quarantined as appropriate. It has done everything in its power to reduce infections to the minimum.While keeping all its outbound routes closed, Wuhan carried out two rounds of community-based mass screening of its 4.21 million households, leaving no person or household unchecked and ruling out all potential sources of infection.The Chinese government redoubled efforts to increase the capacity of nucleic acid testing, supply more test kits, and approve more testing institutions. As a result, the testing period was shortened and the quality enhanced, ensuring that all those in need could be tested immediately and as appropriate. In Hubei Province, the testing period was shortened from 2 days to 4-6 hours, and the daily capacity expanded from 300 samples in the early stage of the epidemic to more than 50,000 in mid-April. Such advances made early detection and confirmation of infection possible and reduced the risk of transmission.To identify the four categories of vulnerable people, community grid-based screening was carried out across the country. All residents were requested to report their health condition on a daily basis. Community workers for their part visited households door-to-door to collect and verify this information. Temperature checking was made a routine at all places. Work was done to strengthen the monitoring and online reporting of cases identified at fever clinics of medical facilities – all such cases had to be reported online to higher authorities within 2 hours; their test results sent back to the reporting clinics within 12 hours; and on-site epidemiological investigation completed within 24 hours – so that confirmed cases and asymptomatic carriers would be identified and reported without delay. Epidemiological tracing and investigation were enhanced to precisely detect and cut off virus transmission routes. As of May 31, a total of more than 740,000 close contacts had been traced and handled as appropriate.

第一時間切斷病毒傳播鏈。對湖北省、武漢市對外通道實施最嚴格的封閉和交通管控，暫停武漢及湖北國際客運航班、多地輪渡、長途客運、機場、火車站運營，全國暫停入漢道路水路客運班線發班，武漢市及湖北省多地暫停市內公共交通，阻斷疫情向全國以及湖北省內衛生基礎設施薄弱的農村地區擴散。對湖北以外地區實施差異化交通管控，湖北省周邊省份筑牢環鄂交通管控“隔離帶”，防止湖北省疫情外溢蔓延。全國其他地區實行分區分級精準防控，對城鄉道路運輸服務進行動態管控，加強國內交通衛生檢疫。采取有效措施避免人員聚集和交叉感染，延長春節假期，取消或延緩各種人員聚集性活動，各類學校有序推遲開學；關閉影院、劇院、網吧以及健身房等場所；對車站、機場、碼頭、農貿市場、商場、超市、餐館、酒店、賓館等需要開放的公共服務類場所，以及汽車、火車、飛機等密閉交通工具，落實環境衛生整治、消毒、通風、“進出檢”、限流等措施，進入人員必須測量體溫、佩戴口罩；推行政務服務網上辦、預約辦，推廣無接觸快遞等“不見面”服務，鼓勵民眾居家和企業遠程辦公，有效減少人員流動和聚集；在公共場所設置“一米線”并配以明顯標識，避免近距離接觸。全國口岸實施嚴格的出入境衛生檢疫，防范疫情通過口岸擴散蔓延。實施最嚴邊境管控，取消非緊急非必要出國出境活動。
Breaking the chains of transmission through early intervention.The strictest closure and traffic restrictions were enforced on all outbound routes from Wuhan and Hubei. International passenger flights, and ferries and long-distance passenger transport services in many parts of the province were suspended, as were road and waterway passenger services bound for Wuhan from other places of the country. Airports and railway stations were closed and intra-city public transport halted in Wuhan and many other parts of Hubei. All these restrictions effectively stopped the virus from spreading nationwide, especially in rural Hubei where public health infrastructure was relatively weak.Areas outside Hubei took a differentiated approach to traffic control. The provinces abutting Hubei built traffic control “isolation zones” around the province, preventing the virus from spreading beyond Hubei. Other parts of China adopted a targeted, tiered, and region-specific approach. They exercised a dynamic control over urban and rural road transport services and strengthened health and quarantine measures for domestic routes.Rigorous measures were taken to prevent public gatherings and cross-infection. The Chinese New Year holiday was extended, public gatherings were canceled or postponed, and the spring semester was postponed in schools. Cinemas, theaters, internet cafés, and gyms were all closed. Strict procedures had to be followed in essential public facilities, including bus stations, airports, ports, farmers markets, shopping malls, supermarkets, restaurants and hotels, and in enclosed transport vehicles such as buses, trains and planes. All persons were required to wear masks and undergo temperature monitoring when accessing these venues or vehicles. In addition, all such facilities had to be disinfected, meet certain hygiene standards, ensure good ventilation, monitor visitors’ temperature, and control the number of passengers or visitors at a given period of time.Government services were provided online and through prior reservation, non-physical-contact delivery or services were extended, people were encouraged to stay at home and work from home, and businesses were encouraged to telecommute – all these measures effectively reduced population flows and public gatherings. Clear signs urging people to maintain at least one meter of distance and avoid close contact could be seen in all public places.Strict health and quarantine measures were enforced at points of entry and exit across China to prevent inbound and outbound spread of the virus. The strictest-ever measures were applied at border control to suspend non-urgent and nonessential outbound travel by Chinese citizens.

牢牢守住社區基礎防線。城鄉社區是疫情聯防聯控的第一線，是外防輸入、內防擴散的關鍵防線。充分發揮基層主體作用，加強群眾自治，實施社區封閉式、網格化管理，把防控力量、資源、措施向社區下沉，組建專兼結合工作隊伍，充分發揮街道（鄉鎮）和社區（村）干部、基層醫療衛生機構醫務人員、家庭醫生團隊作用，將一個個社區、村莊打造成為嚴密安全的“抗疫堡壘”，把防控有效落實到終端和末梢。按照“追蹤到人、登記在冊、社區管理、上門觀察、規范運轉、異常就醫”的原則，依法對重點人群進行有效管理，開展主動追蹤、人員管理、環境整治和健康教育。武漢市全面實施社區24小時封閉管理，除就醫和防疫相關活動外一律禁止出入，由社區承擔居民生活保障。其他地方對城市社區、農村村落普遍實施封閉式管理，人員出入檢查登記、測量體溫。加強居民個人防護，廣泛開展社會宣傳，強化個體責任意識，自覺落實居家隔離以及跨地區旅行后隔離14天等防控要求，嚴格執行外出佩戴口罩、保持社交距離、減少聚集等防護措施，養成勤洗手、常通風等良好生活習慣。大力開展愛國衛生運動，提倡文明健康、綠色環保的生活方式。
The community-based line of defense was well guarded.Communities and villages made up the first line of defense in epidemic prevention and control, a major barrier to inbound cases and local transmission. They served as the mainstay in China’s Covid-19 response. Residents and villagers were mobilized to help manage communities. Strict access control and grid-based management were exercised in communities, and human and material resources were channeled down to the community level to reinforce implementation of targeted measures. Task forces comprising both full-time and part-time community workers were set up, while officials at the sub-district/township and community/village levels, health workers of community medical facilities, and family doctors all performed their duties as a team. Through all these efforts, communities and villages were turned into strongholds, securing full implementation of response measures down to the lowest level.To deal with the four categories of vulnerable people, a number of measures were taken in accordance with the law, such as tracing, registering, and visiting each individual, placing them under community management, and transferring them, if necessary, to designated medical facilities for quarantine or treatment as per due procedures. Community actions were taken to keep local areas in good condition and promote health education.In Wuhan, rigorous 24-hour access control was enforced in all residential communities. No residents were allowed to leave and no non-residents allowed to access the community area other than for essential medical needs or epidemic control operations. Community workers were responsible for the purchase and delivery of daily necessities according to residents’ needs. This approach was also applied in communities and villages in other parts of China, where all residents had to register and undergo temperature checking when leaving or entering the residential area or village.Education programs were conducted to raise public awareness of the need for personal protection and enhance the sense of social responsibility. People observed self-quarantine at home and 14-day self-isolation after cross-region travel. They strictly followed personal protection measures such as wearing a mask when going out, maintaining proper social distancing, avoiding crowds, frequent handwashing, and regular ventilation. The tradition of the Patriotic Public Health Campaign which was initiated in the 1950s, with an emphasis on sanitation and personal hygiene, was also encouraged, along with a healthy, environment-friendly lifestyle .

實施分級、分類、動態精準防控。全國推行分區分級精準施策防控策略，以縣域為單位，依據人口、發病情況綜合研判，劃分低、中、高疫情風險等級，分區分級實施差異化防控，并根據疫情形勢及時動態調整名單，采取對應防控措施。低風險區嚴防輸入，全面恢復生產生活秩序；中風險區外防輸入、內防擴散，盡快全面恢復生產生活秩序；高風險區內防擴散、外防輸出、嚴格管控，集中精力抓疫情防控。本土疫情形勢穩定后，以省域為單元在疫情防控常態化條件下加快恢復生產生活秩序，健全及時發現、快速處置、精準管控、有效救治的常態化防控機制。全力做好北京市疫情防控，確保首都安全。做好重點場所、重點單位、重點人群聚集性疫情防控和處置，加強老年人、兒童、孕產婦、學生、醫務人員等重點人群健康管理，加強醫療機構、社區、辦公場所、商場超市、客運場站、交通運輸工具，托幼機構、中小學校、大專院校以及養老機構、福利院、精神衛生醫療機構、救助站等特殊場所的管控，覆蓋全人群、全場所、全社區，不留死角、不留空白、不留隱患。針對輸入性疫情，嚴格落實國境衛生檢疫措施，強化從“國門”到“家門”的全鏈條、閉環式管理，持續抓緊抓實抓細外防輸入、內防反彈工作。
A multi-level, category-specific, dynamic and targeted approach was adopted.China also applied a region-specific, multi-level approach to epidemic prevention and control. To better prevent and control the epidemic, each region at or above the county level was classified by risk level on the basis of a comprehensive evaluation of factors such as population and number of infections in a given period of time. There are three levels of risk: low, medium, and high. Regions could take measures according to the risk level, which was dynamic and adjusted in light of the evolving situation.In response to Covid-19, a low-risk region was requested to remain vigilant against any potential inbound transmission while fully restoring normal order in work and daily life; a medium-risk region had to prevent inbound and local transmission while restoring normal work and daily life as soon as possible; and a region classified as high-risk was obliged to prevent any spread in its jurisdiction or beyond, enforce strict control measures, and focus on containment. Once the situation stabilized, provincial-level authorities could step up efforts to restore order in work and daily life in areas under their jurisdiction, while adapting to the new normal of Covid-19 control by establishing a sound long-term epidemic response system that ensures early detection, quick response, targeted prevention and control, and effective treatment. Every effort has been made to stem the virus spread in the capital of Beijing to safeguard public health.Appropriate measures were implemented to prevent any cluster outbreaks in key locations, major organizations, and priority population groups, and manage the aftermath of any such outbreaks. The elderly, children, pregnant women, students, and health workers were to be well protected as a priority.Health management of priority population groups was enhanced. Protective measures were intensified in medical facilities, communities, office buildings, shopping malls and supermarkets, passenger terminals, transport vehicles, child-care centers and kindergartens, elementary and secondary schools, colleges and universities, nursing homes, charity houses, mental health institutions, and first-aid stations. These measures were implemented nationwide, covering all population groups, locations, and communities, and leaving no areas unattended and no hidden dangers unaddressed.To control any inbound infections from overseas, China has strictly enforced its border health and quarantine rules to ensure a full, closed cycle of management of all arrivals, from their entry at the border to the doorstep of where they would stay. Sustained, meticulous efforts have been made to prevent both inbound cases and a recurrence in domestic cases.

為疫情防控提供有力法治保障。依法將新冠肺炎納入《中華人民共和國傳染病防治法》規定的乙類傳染病并采取甲類傳染病的預防、控制措施，納入《中華人民共和國國境衛生檢疫法》規定的檢疫傳染病管理，同時做好國際國內法律銜接。一些地方人大常委會緊急立法，在國家法律和法規框架下授權地方政府在醫療衛生、防疫管理等方面，規定臨時性應急行政管理措施。嚴格執行傳染病防治法及其實施辦法等法律法規，出臺依法防控疫情、依法懲治違法犯罪、保障人民生命健康安全的意見，加強治安管理、市場監管，依法懲處哄抬物價、囤積居奇、制假售假等破壞疫情防控的違法犯罪行為，強化防疫物資質量和價格監管，加大打擊虛假違法廣告力度，保障社會穩定有序。加強疫情防控期間行政執法監督，嚴格規范執法，公正文明執法，依法化解與疫情相關的法律糾紛，為疫情防控和企業復工復產提供法律保障和服務。加強普法宣傳，引導公眾依法行事。
Legal safeguards for epidemic prevention and control were strengthened.China listed Covid-19 as a Class B infectious disease, but addressed it with measures applicable to a Class A infectious disease under the Law of the People’s Republic of China on Prevention and Treatment of Infectious Diseases. It also applied control and quarantine measures under the Frontier Health and Quarantine Law of the People’s Republic of China consistent with relevant provisions of international law and other domestic laws. Standing committees of some sub-national people’s congresses launched emergency legislation procedures as per the national legal framework, empowering local governments to introduce interim emergency administrative rules relating to healthcare and epidemic control.The Law on Prevention and Treatment of Infectious Diseases and measures for its implementation have been strictly enforced, and guidelines have been promulgated on controlling the disease, combating epidemic-related crimes in accordance with the law, and protecting people’s lives and health. Law and order, and market supervision have been strengthened. Price gouging, hoarding and profiteering, production and sales of counterfeit or sub-standard products, and any other crimes impeding response efforts have been punished by law. Quality and price control of anti-epidemic supplies has been reinforced, and stronger measures have been taken against deceptive and illegal advertising, ensuring social order and stability. Supervision on administrative law enforcement has been intensified during epidemic control to ensure that the law is enforced in a strict, impartial, procedure-based, and non-abusive way. Legal disputes associated with the epidemic have been resolved in accordance with the law, and legal guarantees and services have been provided for Covid-19 response and for businesses returning to work. The government has also made greater efforts to raise public legal awareness and guide people to act within the parameters of the law.

遵循科學規律開展防控。新冠病毒是新病毒，對其認識需要有個過程。積極借鑒以往經驗，緊密結合中國國情，遵循流行病學規律，探索行之有效的方法手段，用中國辦法破解疫情防控難題。注重發揮病毒學、流行病學、臨床醫學等領域專家作用，及時開展疫情形勢分析研判，提出防控策略建議，充分尊重專家意見，增強疫情防控的科學性專業性。秉持科學態度，加強病毒感染、致病機理、傳播途徑、傳播能力等研究，與世界衛生組織及其他國家和地區保持溝通交流。隨著對病毒認識的不斷深化，及時調整和優化工作措施，不斷提升防控水平。根據疫情形勢變化和評估結果，先后制修訂6版新冠肺炎防控方案，科學規范開展病例監測、流行病學調查、可疑暴露者和密切接觸者管理以及實驗室檢測等工作。針對重點人群、重點場所、重點單位發布15項防控技術方案、6項心理疏導工作方案，并細化形成50項防控技術指南，進一步提高疫情防控的科學性精準性。
Prevention and control efforts have been based on science.Covid-19 is a new virus and it will take time for humanity to understand it completely. In its quest for victory over the coronavirus, China has been mapping its own route to success – one based on reliable experience, tailored to its national conditions, and rooted in sound epidemiological practice.China values the role of experts in virology, epidemiology, clinical medicine and related fields. China’s response has been professional because its response measures were based on timely analyses and assessments by scientists and public health experts, whose views and proposals were fully respected.China has given full support to factual and scientific research on virus infection, pathogenesis, transmission routes and transmissibility while maintaining exchanges and communication with the WHO and other countries and regions.With a growing body of knowledge of the virus, China has modified and optimized its response measures in a timely manner to make them more effective. It has developed a Covid-19 prevention and control protocol and updated it five times based on assessments of the evolving epidemic dynamics. The protocol provides a set of reliable standards for case monitoring, epidemiological investigation, management of close contacts and of those suspected of exposure to infection, and procedure-based tests in laboratories. China has also published 15 technical manuals on epidemic prevention and control for key population groups, locations and organizations, 6 work plans on psychological counseling for people affected by Covid-19, and 50 specific technical guidelines. All of this has ensured that China’s prevention and control efforts are more targeted and science-based.

（三）全力救治患者、拯救生命
3.An All-Out Effort to Treat Patients and Save Lives

醫療救治始終以提高收治率和治愈率、降低感染率和病亡率的“兩提高”“兩降低”為目標，堅持集中患者、集中專家、集中資源、集中救治“四集中”原則，堅持中西醫結合，實施分類救治、分級管理。對重癥患者，調集最優秀的醫生、最先進的設備、最急需的資源，不惜一切代價進行救治，大幅度降低病亡率；對輕癥患者及早干預，盡可能在初期得以治愈，大幅度降低轉重率。
From the outset, China’s goal in its medical response to Covid-19 has been to improve the patient admission and cure rates and reduce the infection and fatality rates. The infected were treated in dedicated medical facilities where medical specialists from all over the country and all the necessary medical resources were concentrated. Both traditional Chinese medicine and Western medicine were applied. A condition-specific and category-based approach was applied to medical treatment of patients. Severe cases were treated by the best doctors using the most advanced equipment, and critical supplies were pooled to save lives at all costs. It is through such efforts that the Covid-19 fatality rate in China has dropped sharply. Early medical intervention has made it possible to have patients with mild symptoms cured without delay, thus significantly reducing the risk that their condition might worsen.

集中優勢資源加強重癥救治。疫情突發導致武漢市醫療資源擠兌。針對疫情初期患者數量激增與床位資源不足的突出矛盾，集中資源和力量在武漢市建設擴充重癥定點醫院和救治床位，將全部重癥危重癥患者集中到綜合實力最強且具備呼吸道傳染性疾病收治條件的綜合醫院集中開展救治。建成火神山、雷神山兩座各可容納1000多張床位的傳染病專科醫院，改擴建一批定點醫院，改造一批綜合醫院，使重癥床位從1000張左右迅速增加至9100多張，解決了重癥患者大規模收治難題。優化重癥救治策略，制定個體化醫療救治方案。建立專家巡查制度，定期組織專家團隊對武漢市定點醫院重癥患者救治進行巡診，評估患者病情和治療方案。針對超過80%的重癥患者合并嚴重基礎性疾病情況，實行“一人一策”，建立感染、呼吸、重癥、心臟、腎臟等多學科會診制度，并制定重癥、危重癥護理規范，推出高流量吸氧、無創和有創機械通氣、俯臥位通氣等措施。嚴格落實疑難危重癥患者會診制度、死亡病例討論制度等醫療質量安全核心制度，強化對治愈出院患者健康監測，確保重癥患者救治質量。開展康復者恢復期血漿采集和臨床治療工作，建立應急儲備庫，截至5月31日，全國共采集恢復期血漿2765人次，1689人次患者接受恢復期血漿治療，取得較好治療效果。
Pooling premium resources to treat severe cases.The sudden appearance of Covid-19 in Wuhan put an overwhelming strain on its medical resources. There was a severe shortage of hospital beds in the early stage as the number of infections surged. By directing resources to Wuhan, China expanded the capacity of designated hospitals to deal with severe cases and increased the number of beds. Patients in severe and critical condition were gathered for treatment and intensive care at the best hospitals with the greatest capacity for accommodating patients with infectious respiratory diseases. Two hospitals with 1,000-plus beds each – Huoshenshan and Leishenshan – were built as specialist hospitals for treating infectious diseases, and a number of designated and general hospitals were expanded or remodeled. The number of beds for severe cases quickly increased from around 1,000 to more than 9,100. Hospitals were able to admit large numbers of patients who were seriously ill.The treatment strategy for severe cases was improved, and tailored treatment provided to individual patients. Inspection teams consisting of top experts were organized to regularly inspect Wuhan’s designated hospitals and evaluate patients in critical condition and their therapeutic regimen. For those with serious underlying medical conditions, who accounted for more than 80 percent of all severe cases, case-by-case treatment was prescribed after consultation with a multidisciplinary team consisting of experts on infection, respiratory diseases, heart and kidney diseases, and intensive care. In addition, a set of standards were formulated for nursing patients in severe and critical condition, and such measures as high-flow nasal cannula oxygen therapy, non-invasive and invasive mechanical ventilation, and ventilation in a prone position were adopted. Expert consultation on complex, severe and critical cases, and fatal cases, and other core medical security systems were strictly implemented. Those who have been cured and discharged from hospital have received rigorous health monitoring, and patients in severe condition have been given quality medical treatment.The plasma of convalescent Covid-19 patients has been collected to set up an emergency plasma reserve, and convalescent plasma therapy has been applied in clinical treatment. As of May 31, convalescent plasma had been collected from 2,765 recovered patients, and 1,689 patients had been treated with the therapy, with positive results.

對輕癥患者及早干預治療。及時收治輕癥患者，及早實施醫療干預，盡量減少輕癥轉為重癥。完善臨床救治體系，全國共指定1萬余家定點醫院，對新冠肺炎患者實行定點集中治療。建立全國醫療救治協作網絡，通過遠程會診方式提供技術支持。武漢市針對患者數量急劇增長、80%左右是輕癥的情況，集中力量將一批體育場館、會展中心等改造成16家方艙醫院，床位達到1.4萬余張，使輕癥患者應收盡收、應治盡治，減少了社區感染傳播，減少了輕癥向重癥轉化。16家方艙醫院累計收治患者1.2萬余人，累計治愈出院8000余人、轉院3500余人，實現“零感染、零死亡、零回頭”。方艙醫院是阻擊重大傳染病的重大創新，使“應收盡收”“床位等人”成為現實，有力扭轉了防控形勢。英國《柳葉刀》社論認為，“中國建造的方艙庇護醫院對于緩解醫療衛生系統所承受的巨大壓力有著至關重要的作用”。（注2）
Early intervention for patients with mild symptoms.China has been quick to have patients with mild symptoms admitted to designated medical facilities for early medical intervention, and has done its best to prevent mild cases from worsening. The national clinical treatment network has been expanded to include more than 10,000 hospitals dedicated to the treatment of Covid-19 patients. A national network of medical treatment coordination has also been formed to provide technical support through online consultation.In Wuhan, faced with surging infections and considering that 80 percent of cases were mild, the city government mobilized resources to repurpose stadiums and exhibition centers into 16 temporary treatment centers. With some 14,000 beds, these centers were able to admit all confirmed mild cases for treatment. This helped to reduce infections and virus transmission in communities and prevent mild cases from worsening. The 16 treatment centers received a total of more than 12,000 patients; 8,000 and more were cured and discharged; and more than 3,500 were transferred to hospitals. While in service, these facilities had zero cases of infection, death, or relapse.Temporary treatment centers, or Fangcang shelter hospitals, are a major innovative solution that provided enough beds to admit all confirmed cases, thus turning the tide in the battle against Covid-19. An article in The Lancet wrote, “To relieve the huge pressure on the healthcare system, Fangcang shelter hospitals have also been crucial.”

及時總結推廣行之有效的診療方案。堅持邊實踐、邊研究、邊探索、邊總結、邊完善，在基于科學認知和證據積累的基礎上，將行之有效的診療技術和科技研究成果納入診療方案。先后制修訂7版新冠肺炎診療方案，3版重型、危重型病例診療方案，2版輕型、普通型管理規范，2版康復者恢復期血漿治療方案，1版新冠肺炎出院患者主要功能障礙康復治療方案，提高了醫療救治工作的科學性和規范性。最新的第7版新冠肺炎診療方案增加病理改變內容，增補和調整臨床表現、診斷標準、治療方法和出院標準等，并納入無癥狀感染者可能具有感染性、康復者恢復期血漿治療等新發現。目前，第7版診療方案已被多個國家借鑒和采用。強化治愈出院患者隔離管理和健康監測，加強復診復檢和康復，實現治療、康復和健康監測一體化全方位醫療服務。注重孕產婦、兒童等患者差異性診療策略，實現不同人群診療方案的全覆蓋。
Reviewing diagnostic and therapeutic plans and applying effective ones on a broad scale.China’s diagnostic and therapeutic plans for Covid-19 have been developed and improved through clinical practice, medical research, experimentation and regular reviews. Based on scientific knowledge and accumulated evidence, R&D results and the diagnostic and therapeutic regimens that proved effective were incorporated in the national diagnosis and treatment plans. These include seven versions of the diagnosis and treatment protocol, three editions of the protocol for severe and critical cases, two editions of the manual for mild case management, two editions of convalescent plasma therapy treatment protocol, and one rehabilitation treatment program for patients discharged from hospitals. All these protocols and plans have contributed to science-based treatment of patients and the establishment of standards for medical treatment.In Diagnosis and Treatment Protocol for Covid-19 (Trial Version 7), information on pathological changes, clinical symptoms, criteria for diagnosis, therapies, and criteria for patient discharge was added or updated. The protocol states that asymptomatic cases may be contagious. It also notes that plasma from convalescent cases may work in treating the infected. This edition has been adopted or used for reference in a number of countries.Concerning discharged patients, quarantining, monitoring of their health and rehabilitation, and reexamination and re-testing have all been strengthened. Integrated medical services covering treatment, rehabilitation and health monitoring have been put in place. Differentiated treatment approaches have been adopted for children and pregnant women, among other groups.

充分發揮中醫藥特色優勢。堅持中西醫結合、中西藥并用，發揮中醫藥治未病、辨證施治、多靶點干預的獨特優勢，全程參與深度介入疫情防控，從中醫角度研究確定病因病基、治則治法，形成了覆蓋醫學觀察期、輕型、普通型、重型、危重型、恢復期發病全過程的中醫診療規范和技術方案，在全國范圍內全面推廣使用。中醫醫院、中醫團隊參與救治，中醫醫療隊整建制接管定點醫院若干重癥病區和方艙醫院，其他方艙醫院派駐中醫專家。中醫藥早期介入、全程參與、分類救治，對輕癥患者實施中醫藥早介入早使用；對重癥和危重癥患者實行中西醫結合；對醫學觀察發熱病人和密切接觸者服用中藥提高免疫力；對出院患者實施中醫康復方案，建立全國新冠肺炎康復協作網絡，提供康復指導。中醫藥參與救治確診病例的占比達到92%。湖北省確診病例中醫藥使用率和總有效率超過90%。篩選金花清感顆粒、連花清瘟膠囊/顆粒、血必凈注射液和清肺排毒湯、化濕敗毒方、宣肺敗毒方等“三藥三方”為代表的針對不同類型新冠肺炎的治療中成藥和方藥，臨床療效確切，有效降低了發病率、轉重率、病亡率，促進了核酸轉陰，提高了治愈率，加快了恢復期康復。

Leveraging the unique strength of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM).Both TCM and Western medicine were used and traditional Chinese and Western drugs administered. China has leveraged the unique strength of TCM in preemptive prevention, differentiated medication, and multi-targeted intervention, and at every step of Covid-19 treatment and control. The etiology and pathogen of the disease were analyzed and confirmed through TCM methodology, as were the principles and methods of treatment. A set of TCM diagnosis and treatment protocols were developed to cover the entire process of medical observation, treatment of mild, moderate, severe, and critical cases, and recovery, and they have been applied nationwide.TCM hospitals were used in the treatment of Covid-19 patients, and TCM teams took charge of and ran some wards for patients in severe condition at designated hospitals and some treatment centers. All the other shelter hospitals had resident TCM experts. TCM has played its part in the entire process of Covid-19 response, from early intervention to administering case-specific treatment. TCM drugs and treatment methods were used for early intervention and treatment of patients with mild symptoms; for patients with severe symptoms they were used in combination with Western medicine; for those under medical observation for fever and those who had been in close contact with confirmed cases they served to improve immunity; they helped to strengthen the constitution of those who had recovered. A national TCM coordination network was formed to offer guidance to patients recovering from the disease.Chinese herbal formulas and drugs were administered to 92 percent of all confirmed cases. In Hubei Province, more than 90 percent of confirmed cases received TCM treatment that proved effective. Jinhua Qinggan Granules, Lianhua Qingwen Capsules/Granules, Xuebijing Injection, Lung Cleansing and Detoxifying Preparation, Dampness Resolving and Detoxifying Preparation, Lung Diffusing and Detoxifying Preparation, and other TCM drugs and herbal formulas have proved effective in treating different types of Covid-19 patients. They have significantly reduced the incidence rate, prevented cases with mild symptoms from worsening, increased the cure rate, lowered the fatality rate, helped nucleic acid turn negative, and sped up the rehabilitation of recovered Covid-19 patients.

實施患者免費救治。及時預撥疫情防控資金，確保患者不因費用問題影響就醫，確保各地不因資金問題影響醫療救治和疫情防控。截至5月31日，全國各級財政共安排疫情防控資金1624億元。及時調整醫保政策，明確確診和疑似患者醫療保障政策，對確診和疑似患者實行“先救治，后結算”。對新冠肺炎患者（包括確診和疑似患者）發生的醫療費用，在基本醫保、大病保險、醫療救助等按規定支付后，個人負擔部分由財政給予補助。異地就醫醫保支付的費用由就醫地醫保部門先行墊付。截至5月31日，全國確診住院患者結算人數5.8萬人次，總醫療費用13.5億元，確診患者人均醫療費用約2.3萬元。其中，重癥患者人均治療費用超過15萬元，一些危重癥患者治療費用幾十萬元甚至上百萬元，全部由國家承擔。
Providing free treatment for patients.Government funds for Covid-19 control were made available in advance to ensure that patients could receive timely treatment and local authorities could proceed smoothly with measures for medical treatment and epidemic control. As of May 31, a total of RMB162.4 billion had been allocated by governments of all levels to fight the virus.Policies for medical insurance were quickly adjusted, with clear provisions for confirmed or suspected Covid-19 patients. They could get treatment with delayed settlement of accounts. All Covid-19 patients, confirmed or suspected, received subsidies from state finance for any medical bills not covered by basic medical insurance, serious disease insurance, or the medical assistance fund. In the case of patients receiving treatment in places where they were not registered for basic medical insurance, their medical bills related to Covid-19 were paid by the local insurance fund first and settled later.As of May 31, the medical bills of 58,000 inpatients with confirmed infections had been settled by basic medical insurance, with a total expenditure of RMB1.35 billion, or RMB23,000 per person. The average cost for treating Covid-19 patients in severe condition surpassed RMB150,000, and in some critical cases the individual cost exceeded RMB1 million, all covered by the state.

加強醫療機構感染控制和醫務人員防護。制定感染控制技術指南和制度文件，明確醫療機構重點區域、就診流程“三區兩通道”建筑布局要求。加強對醫務人員的感染控制培訓，開展全國督導，確保感染控制措施落實。對疫情嚴重、院內感染風險高、醫療救治壓力大的重點地區重點醫院，有針對性地開展指導。加強醫療廢物分類收集、運送貯存，做好病亡者遺體處置。在援鄂援漢醫療隊中配置感染控制專家，全國支援湖北省和武漢市的醫務人員沒有感染病例。2月份以后，全國醫務人員感染病例報告數明顯減少。關心關愛醫務人員，制定一系列保障政策，開展心理疏導，妥善安排輪換休整，緩解身體和心理壓力，保持一線醫務人員戰斗力。
Strengthening infection control at medical institutions and ensuring personal protection for health workers.A set of technical manuals and normative documents on infection control were developed to regulate the layout of key areas in medical institutions and the consultation and treatment process, including clean zones, partially contaminated zones, contaminated zones, and separate passages for medical staff and patients. Health workers received training in workplace infection control, and nationwide supervision was strengthened to ensure control measures were implemented to the letter. Targeted guidance was given to the hardest-hit areas, hospitals at a higher risk of infection among staff, and areas and hospitals under the greatest pressure in treating patients. A major effort was put into the sorting, collection, storage and removal of medical waste, and the treatment of the remains of the deceased.All emergency medical teams coming to Wuhan and Hubei from other parts of China had at least one infection control expert. Thanks to this arrangement, there have been no cases of infection in the teams. Since February there has been a sharp drop in the number of reported infections among medical staff nationwide. Health workers have been cared for and their needs attended to. A series of policies and measures have been introduced to ensure their wellbeing, such as psychological counseling and staff rotation, to ease their physical and psychological stress, help them stay healthy, and allow them to continue the fight on the front line.

（四）依法及時公開透明發布疫情信息
4.China Has Released Information in an Open and Transparent Manner as Required by Law

在全力做好疫情防控的同時，中國以對生命負責、對人民負責、對歷史負責、對國際社會負責的態度，建立最嚴格且專業高效的信息發布制度，第一時間發布權威信息，速度、密度、力度前所未有。持續、權威、清晰的疫情信息，有效回應了公眾關切、凝聚了社會共識，為其他國家提供了參考和借鑒。
While making an all-out effort to contain the virus, China has also acted with a keen sense of responsibility to humanity, its people, posterity, and the international community. It has provided information on Covid-19 in a thoroughly professional and efficient way. It has released authoritative and detailed information as early as possible on a regular basis, thus effectively responding to public concern and building public consensus. Its experience is something other countries can draw on in their fight against the virus.

建立嚴格的疫情發布機制。依法、及時、公開、透明發布疫情信息，制定嚴格規定，堅決防止瞞報、遲報、漏報。武漢市從2019年12月31日起依法發布疫情信息，并逐步增加信息發布頻次。2020年1月21日起，國家衛生健康委每日在官方網站、政務新媒體平臺發布前一天全國疫情信息，各省級衛生健康部門每日統一發布前一天本省份疫情信息。2月3日起，國家衛生健康委英文網站同步發布相關數據。
A strict system of information release has been established.China has released information on Covid-19 in a timely, open and transparent manner as required by law. Strict regulations are in place to see there is no withholding of information, underreporting, or delay in reporting cases of infection. On December 31, 2019, the Wuhan government began to release coronavirus information in accordance with the law, and gradually increased the frequency of release. Since January 21, 2020, the NHC has provided daily updates on nationwide cases on its official website and social media platform, and provincial health departments have done the same on local cases. Starting from February 3, the NHC has released the information simultaneously on its English-language website.

建立分級分層新聞發布制度。堅持國家和地方相結合、現場發布與網上發布相結合，建立多層次多渠道多平臺信息發布機制，持續發布權威信息，及時回應國內外關注的疫情形勢、疫情防控、醫療救治、科研攻關等熱點問題。截至5月31日，國務院聯防聯控機制、國務院新聞辦公室共舉行新聞發布會161場，邀請50多個部門490余人次出席發布會，回答中外媒體1400多個提問；湖北省舉行103場新聞發布會，其他省份共舉行1050場新聞發布會。
A tiered news release mechanism has been formed.At both national and local levels, a tiered information release mechanism has been formed to circulate authoritative information through various channels and platforms, both onsite and online, in order to address domestic and international concerns on virus control, medical treatment, and scientific research. By May 31, the Joint Prevention and Control Mechanism and the Information Office of the State Council had held 161 press conferences during which officials from more than 50 government departments appeared over 490 times and answered more than 1,400 questions from Chinese and foreign media. One hundred and three press conferences had been held in Hubei and 1,050 in the other provinces.

依法適時訂正病例數據。本土疫情得到控制后，為確保公開透明、數據準確，武漢市針對疫情早期因收治能力不足導致患者在家中病亡、醫院超負荷運轉、死亡病例信息登記不全等原因，客觀上存在遲報、漏報、誤報現象，根據相關法律規定，在深入開展涉疫大數據與流行病學調查的基礎上，對確診和死亡病例數進行了訂正，并向社會公開發布。
Covid-19 statistics have been updated in accordance with the law.In the early stage of Covid-19 control, there were late, incomplete and erroneous reports of Covid-19 cases in Wuhan due to unverified deaths at home, inadequate hospital capacity, hospitals being overwhelmed, and incomplete recording of deaths. After the domestic spread of Covid-19 had been brought under control, the city updated the number of confirmed cases and deaths based on big data application and an epidemiological investigation to ensure accuracy of the data, and released the results in an open and transparent manner in accordance with the law.

多渠道多平臺傳播信息。國家衛生健康委中、英文官方網站和政務新媒體平臺設置疫情防控專題頁面，發布每日疫情信息，解讀政策措施，介紹中國抗疫進展，普及科學防控知識，澄清謠言傳言。各省（自治區、直轄市）政府網站及政務新媒體平臺及時發布本地疫情信息和防控舉措。大力開展應急科普，通過科普專業平臺、媒體和互聯網面向公眾普及科學認知、科學防治知識，組織權威專家介紹日常防控常識，引導公眾理性認識新冠肺炎疫情，做好個人防護，消除恐慌恐懼。加強社會輿論引導，各類媒體充分傳遞抗擊疫情正能量，同時發揮輿論監督作用，推動解決疫情防控中出現的問題。
Covid-19-related information is provided through various channels and platforms.The NHC’s official Chinese and English websites and its social media platform have special sections where Covid-19-related information is released on a daily basis, including information on relevant policies, progress in China’s containment efforts, updates on disease prevention and control, and clarifications that refute rumors. Information on local Covid-19 control has been promptly released on government websites and social media platforms of all provinces. To disseminate knowledge about its Covid-19 response, China has released relevant information through platforms for popularizing science, and through the media and the internet. Leading medical experts have offered advice on routine self-protection to help the public see Covid-19 in a rational way and forestall panic. The media has expanded public outreach and sent a positive message in combating the virus, and public opinion has played its role of oversight to help solve problems affecting virus control.

（五）充分發揮科技支撐作用
5.Science and Technology Underpin China’s Efforts

科學技術是人類同疾病較量的銳利武器，人類戰勝大災大疫離不開科學發展和技術創新。面對人類未知的新冠病毒，中國堅持以科學為先導，充分運用近年來科技創新成果，組織協調全國優勢科研力量，以武漢市為主戰場，統籌全國和疫情重災區，根據疫情發展不同階段確定科研攻關重點，堅持科研、臨床、防控一線相互協同和產學研各方緊密配合，為疫情防控提供了有力科技支撐。
Science and technology are the sharp blade that humanity wields in the battle against disease. Such battles could not have been won without scientific advances and technological innovation. Confronted by Covid-19, a previously unknown virus, China has exploited the pioneering role of science and technology and fully applied the results of scientific and technical innovation in recent years. Top scientific research resources have gathered from around the nation to support virus control. Focusing on the main battlefield of Wuhan and coordinating efforts in the most severely-affected areas and across the rest of the country, China pinpointed key R&D areas for different stages of virus control. The close coordination between scientific research, clinical application, and frontline virus control, and between enterprises, universities, and research institutes, has given powerful support for the war against the virus.

實施科研應急攻關。遵循安全、有效、可供的原則，加快推進藥物、疫苗、新型檢測試劑等研發和應用。適應疫情防控一線的緊迫需求，圍繞“可溯、可診、可治、可防、可控”，堅持產學研用相結合，聚焦臨床救治和藥物、疫苗研發、檢測技術和產品、病毒病原學和流行病學、動物模型構建5大主攻方向，組織全國優勢力量開展疫情防控科技攻關，加速推進科技研發和應用，部署啟動83個應急攻關項目。按照滅活疫苗、重組蛋白疫苗、減毒流感病毒載體疫苗、腺病毒載體疫苗、核酸疫苗等5條技術路線開展疫苗研發。目前，已有4種滅活疫苗和1種腺病毒載體疫苗獲批開展臨床試驗，總體研發進度與國外持平，部分技術路線進展處于國際領先。組織科研團隊開展科學溯源研究。
Key progress has been made in scientific research.Following the principles of safety, effectiveness and availability, China has accelerated the R&D and application of medicines, vaccines, and new test kits. To meet the urgent needs of frontline virus control, and to ensure traceability of infection sources, diagnosis and treatment of patients, and prevention and control of infections, China has pooled resources from enterprises, universities, and research institutes, directing them to focus on five areas – clinical treatment, new medicines and vaccines, testing techniques and products, viral etiology and epidemiology, and animal model construction. Top research resources from around the nation have been galvanized to work on these tasks in pursuit of early results and application. A total of 83 emergency R&D programs have been initiated. Vaccines are being developed in five categories – inactivated vaccines, recombinant protein vaccines, live attenuated influenza vaccines, adenovirus vaccines, and nucleic acid-based vaccines. To date, four inactivated vaccines and one adenovirus vaccine have been approved for clinical trials. While scientists in China and abroad have kept up with mutual developments, China leads the world in the development of certain types of vaccines. Research teams have also been assembled to trace the origin of Covid-19.

堅持科研攻關和臨床救治、防控實踐相結合。第一時間研發出核酸檢測試劑盒，推出一批靈敏度高、操作便捷的檢測設備和試劑，檢測試劑研發布局涵蓋核酸檢測、基因測序、免疫法檢測等多個技術路徑。堅持“老藥新用”基本思路，積極篩選有效治療藥物，探索新的治療手段，在嚴謹的體外研究和機制研究基礎上，不斷總結救治經驗，推動磷酸氯喹、恢復期血漿、托珠單抗和中醫藥方劑、中成藥等10種藥物或治療手段進入診療方案，獲得4項臨床批件，形成5項指導意見或專家共識。開展試驗性臨床治療，加快推廣應用臨床驗證有效的診療方法和藥物。強化實驗室生物安全監管，加強新冠病毒臨床檢測血液樣本和實驗室檢測生物樣本管理。
Scientific R&D has been integrated with clinical treatment and epidemic control.Having promptly developed nucleic acid test kits, China has also introduced a range of high-sensitivity, easy-to-use test equipment and reagents. Its R&D of reagents covers nucleic acid testing, gene testing, and immunological testing.Putting existing medicines to new use, China has searched for effective medicines and new therapies, and summarized clinical experience based on rigorous in vitro experiments and pathogenic research. Ten types of medicine, including chloroquine phosphate, tocilizumab, finished TCM drugs, and herbal preparations, as well as convalescent plasma therapy, have been adopted in treatment plans. Approval for clinical trial has been given to four medicines, and guidelines formed or expert consensus reached in five areas. Clinical treatments have been trialed, and diagnosis and treatment methods and medicines that have proven clinically effective have been rolled out at a faster pace. Biosecurity has been strengthened at laboratories, as has the management of blood samples for Covid-19 testing and biological samples for laboratory testing.

運用大數據、人工智能等新技術開展防控。充分利用大數據、人工智能等新技術，進行疫情趨勢研判，開展流行病學調查，努力找到每一個感染者、窮盡式地追蹤密切接觸者并進行隔離。建立數據庫，依法開展疫情防控風險數據服務，對不同風險人群進行精準識別，預判不同地區疫情風險，為促進人員有序流動和復工復產提供服務。通過5G視頻實時對話平臺，偏遠山區的流行病學調查團隊可以與幾千公里之外的高級別專家實時互動交流。經公民個人授權，推廣個人“健康碼”“通信大數據行程卡”作為出行、復工復產復學、日常生活及出入公共場所的憑證，根據查詢結果進行管控通行和分類處置，實現分區分級的精準識別、精準施策和精準防控。利用大數據技術繪制“疫情地圖”，通過社區名稱、地址和位置，標明疫情傳播具體地點、距離、人數等，為公眾防范傳染提供方便。
Big data and artificial intelligence have been used in epidemic control.China has fully utilized big data, artificial intelligence, and other new technologies in research and analysis to forecast the trend of Covid-19 developments. These tools have also been exhaustively applied in epidemiological investigations to find every infected person and track every close contact for quarantine. A database has been set up in accordance with the law to provide data services for virus risk control, precisely identify different groups at risk, predict risk factors in different areas, and facilitate the orderly flow of people and the resumption of business operations. Via online platforms based on 5G technology, epidemiological teams in remote mountainous areas have been able to engage in real-time discussion with top experts thousands of miles away. With authorization from the public, health QR codes and digital travel records have been employed as permits for making trips, going to school or work, and accessing certain public venues, and for other daily errands. The results shown on the codes and records provide a base for travel control and differentiated response measures, which has made risk identification and targeted control possible in different areas and at different levels. Applying big data technology, an “epidemic map” has been created to display the specific names and locations of the communities where cases have been reported and the number of infections that has been ascertained. The map has made it easier for the public to guard against infection.

此次新冠肺炎疫情防控，為應對重大突發公共衛生事件積累了寶貴經驗，同時也暴露出國家公共衛生應急管理體系存在的不足。中國將認真總結疫情防控和醫療救治經驗教訓，研究采取一系列重要舉措，補短板、強弱項。改革完善疾病預防控制體系，建設平戰結合的重大疫情防控救治體系，健全應急物資保障體系，加強構建關鍵核心技術攻關新型舉國體制，深入開展愛國衛生運動，不斷完善公共衛生體系，切實提高應對突發重大公共衛生事件的能力和水平，更好維護人民生命安全和身體健康。
Through the battle against Covid-19, China has accumulated valuable experience in responding to major public health emergencies, and deficiencies in the national response system have been exposed. Summarizing this experience and learning from lessons, China will adopt a series of important measures to reinforce weak links. China will:

? reform and improve the disease prevention and control system;

? establish a major epidemic prevention, control and treatment system adapted to both times of peace and times of crisis;

? improve the emergency supply system;

? strengthen the new strategy of pooling nationwide resources for breakthroughs in core technologies;

? continue to implement initiatives to improve public sanitation; and

? improve the public health system.

China will make solid efforts to build capacity and improve its response to major public health emergencies, and better safeguard people’s lives and health.