六、推進世界人權事業(yè)發(fā)展
VI. Advancing Human Rights Around the World

中國共產(chǎn)黨堅持為中國人民謀自由與幸福，為人類社會謀和平與進步。中國共產(chǎn)黨以自己的實際行動證明，她是一個愛好和平與進步的政黨，是一個獻身人類正義事業(yè)的政黨，是一個推動世界人權事業(yè)不斷發(fā)展的政黨。
The CPC is committed to bringing freedom and happiness to the Chinese people, and peace and progress to the whole of humanity. Its achievements prove that it is a peace-loving political party committed to progress, justice and human rights in the world.

（一）致力于世界和平與進步事業(yè)
1. Devoted to World Peace and Progress

在新中國成立之初，中國共產(chǎn)黨就把維護世界和平作為最為關切的人類命運大事。中國積極支持廣大發(fā)展中國家擺脫殖民統(tǒng)治、實現(xiàn)民族獨立、消除種族隔離的正義事業(yè)。20世紀50年代，中國共產(chǎn)黨率先提出互相尊重主權和領土完整、互不侵犯、互不干涉內(nèi)政、平等互利、和平共處五項原則。1955年，萬隆會議將和平共處五項原則確認為亞非國家建立友好合作和親善睦鄰關系的基礎。20世紀60年代興起的不結盟運動把和平共處五項原則作為指導原則。1970年和1974年聯(lián)合國大會通過的有關宣言接受了和平共處五項原則。時至今日，和平共處五項原則不僅是中國共產(chǎn)黨處理國際事務的重要基石，而且獲得了國際社會廣泛贊同與遵守，被公認為國際法和國際關系的基本準則。
Since the founding of the PRC in 1949, the CPC has taken world peace as its most serious concern, because it is critical to the future of humanity. China supported the efforts of developing countries to get rid of colonial domination, achieve national independence, and end racial segregation. In the 1950s, the CPC initiated the Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence:

?mutual respect for sovereignty and territorial integrity

?mutual non-aggression

?non-interference in each other's internal affairs

?equality and mutual benefit

?peaceful coexistence

In 1955, the Bandung Conference set these five principles as the basis for Asian and African countries to establish friendship, cooperation and good-neighborly relations. The Non-Aligned Movement that rose in the 1960s set these principles as its guideline. These principles were also accepted in a number of declarations adopted at the 1970 and 1974 UN general assemblies. The five principles have been an important foundation by which the CPC handles China’s foreign affairs, and have become a cornerstone of international law and international relations, widely recognized and observed by the international community.

20世紀70年代末80年代初，中國共產(chǎn)黨審時度勢，作出和平與發(fā)展是時代主題的判斷。中國高舉和平、發(fā)展、合作、共贏的旗幟，成為促進人類社會和平發(fā)展的重要力量。中國秉持《聯(lián)合國憲章》宗旨和原則，維護以聯(lián)合國為核心的國際體系和以國際法為基礎的國際秩序，堅持共商共建共享的全球治理觀和共同、綜合、合作、可持續(xù)的新安全觀，著力推動和平解決爭端、維護世界和平和地區(qū)安全穩(wěn)定。自1990年起，中國軍隊正式加入聯(lián)合國維和行動；2000年，中國首次派遣警察執(zhí)行維和任務。迄今，中國是聯(lián)合國安理會常任理事國中派出維和人員最多的國家，也是聯(lián)合國維和經(jīng)費的第二大攤款國。中國已累計向蘇丹、黎巴嫩、柬埔寨、利比亞等國家和地區(qū)派出維和軍事人員4萬余人次，參加了近30項聯(lián)合國維和行動。
During the late 1970s and early 1980s, the CPC made the judgment that peace and development are the themes of today’s world. Upholding peace, development, cooperation and mutual benefit, China has become a major force in promoting world peace and progress. Adhering to the purposes and principles of the United Nations Charter, China is committed to upholding the UN-centered international system and the international law-based global order. To promote peaceful settlement of disputes, and safeguard world peace and regional security and stability, it advocates global governance based on extensive consultation, joint contribution and shared benefits, and champions a new vision of security that is common, comprehensive, cooperative and sustainable.

China began to participate in UN peacekeeping operations in 1990, and dispatched peacekeeping police for the first time in 2000. It now ranks first among the permanent members of the UN Security Council in terms of the number of peacekeepers dispatched, and is the second largest fund contributor to the UN's peacekeeping actions. China has sent more than 40,000 military personnel to participate in about 30 UN peacekeeping missions in Sudan, Lebanon, Cambodia, Libya, and other countries and regions.

中國積極參與國際軍控、裁軍和防擴散進程，反對軍備競賽，維護全球戰(zhàn)略平衡與穩(wěn)定。中國簽署或加入《不擴散核武器條約》等20余個多邊軍控、裁軍和防擴散條約。中國作為聯(lián)合國安理會常任理事國，積極參與國際和地區(qū)熱點問題的政治解決。中國積極參與國際執(zhí)法安全合作，在聯(lián)合國、國際刑警組織、上海合作組織等國際和地區(qū)組織框架下加強合作，打擊一切恐怖主義、分裂主義、極端主義犯罪和毒品犯罪。
China actively participates in international arms control, disarmament and non-proliferation, opposes arms races, and safeguards global strategic balance and stability. China has signed up more than 20 multilateral arms control, disarmament or non-proliferation treaties such as the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons. As a UN Security Council permanent member, China is active in the political settlement of international and regional flashpoints, and in international cooperation on law enforcement and security. To combat terrorism, separatism, extremism, and drug-related crimes it has intensified cooperation under the framework of international and regional organizations, including the UN, the International Criminal Police Organization and the Shanghai Cooperation Organization.

中國在致力于實現(xiàn)自身發(fā)展、消除貧困的同時，通過援建成套項目、提供一般物資、開展技術合作和人力資源開發(fā)合作、派遣援外醫(yī)療隊和志愿者、提供緊急人道主義援助以及減免受援國債務等方式，向其他發(fā)展中國家提供不附加任何政治條件的發(fā)展援助，幫助受援國增強自主發(fā)展能力，豐富和改善人民生活，促進經(jīng)濟發(fā)展和社會進步。中國開展對外援助70多年來，共向166個國家和國際組織提供了援助，派遣60多萬名援助人員，先后7次宣布無條件免除重債窮國和最不發(fā)達國家對華到期政府無息貸款債務。中國積極向亞洲、非洲、拉丁美洲和加勒比地區(qū)、大洋洲的69個國家提供醫(yī)療援助，先后為120多個發(fā)展中國家落實聯(lián)合國千年發(fā)展目標提供幫助。自1998年以來，中國通過捐款、援助物資、舉辦培訓、實地指導等方式，向40余國提供了總價值超過1億元的人道主義掃雷援助，培訓了1000余名專業(yè)掃雷人員，幫助雷患國清除雷患。
Committed to poverty elimination and its own development, China also provides assistance, without any political conditions, to strengthen other developing countries’ capacity for development, improve and enrich the lives of their people, and promote their economic growth and social progress. China’s aid takes various forms, including complete projects, goods and materials, technological cooperation, cooperation on training human resources, medical teams and volunteers, humanitarian aid, and debt relief. Over the past seven decades, it has assisted 166 countries and international organizations, sent over 600,000 people on aid missions, and canceled matured government interest-free debts owed by heavily indebted poor countries and least-developed countries on seven occasions. It has provided medical assistance to 69 Asian, African, Latin American and Caribbean, and Oceanian countries, and helped more than 120 developing countries achieve the UN Millennium Development Goals. Since 1998, in order to support mine-clearance in over 40 affected countries and help their rebuilding efforts, China has provided RMB100 million in the forms of donations, materials, training sessions and on-the-spot guidance, and trained more than 1,000 demining specialists.

中國積極參與聯(lián)合國2030年可持續(xù)發(fā)展議程磋商，全面做好國內(nèi)落實工作，率先發(fā)布落實議程的國別方案和進展報告，在多個領域?qū)崿F(xiàn)早期收獲。在南南合作框架下，為其他發(fā)展中國家落實議程提供幫助。截至2020年，中國－聯(lián)合國和平與發(fā)展基金2030年可持續(xù)發(fā)展議程子基金相繼啟動實施34個項目，涵蓋經(jīng)濟、社會、環(huán)境三大領域，為全球落實議程注入強大動力。2015年，中國宣布設立南南合作援助基金，目前已在亞洲、非洲、美洲等地區(qū)50多個國家實施了100余個有關救災、衛(wèi)生、婦幼、難民、環(huán)保等領域的發(fā)展合作項目。
China actively participates in the consultations on the UN 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. It has implemented the agenda at home in all respects, and took the lead in publishing its national plan and progress report, delivering early results in a number of fields. China has assisted other developing countries to pursue the agenda within the south-south cooperation framework. By 2020, the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development Sub-Fund of the China-UN Peace and Development Trust Fund had launched 34 projects covering the economy, society and the environment in support of the agenda. The South-South Cooperation Assistance Fund launched by China in 2015 has carried out over 100 development cooperation projects concerning disaster relief, health, women and children, refugees and environmental protection in more than 50 countries in Asia, Africa, America and other continents.

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（二）積極參與國際人權事務
2. Engaging in International Human Rights Undertakings

中國先后批準或加入了26項國際人權文書，其中包括6項聯(lián)合國核心人權條約。中國信守所承擔的人權條約義務，積極將國內(nèi)法律和政策與條約義務相銜接，及時提交履約報告，全面客觀反映中國在履約過程中取得的進展、遇到的問題與困難因素，切實履行國際人權條約義務。中國積極參加各條約機構對中國履約報告的審議，注重與相關人權條約機構開展建設性對話，結合國情積極采納建議。自2009年以來，中國3次接受聯(lián)合國人權理事會普遍定期審議并順利通過核可，中國對各國所提建議均給予認真、負責任的反饋。絕大多數(shù)國家肯定中國人權發(fā)展成就和中國對世界人權事業(yè)作出的貢獻。
China has signed 26 international human rights instruments, including six core UN conventions. It fulfills its obligations prescribed in these human rights conventions, ensures that the formulation, legislation, and any amendments of its laws and policies are consistent with these conventions, and submits periodic reports to give feedback on the progress made and any difficulties and problems encountered in implementing them. China attends the reviews from the treaty bodies on its implementation. China has conducted constructive dialogue with the relevant treaty bodies and adopted their suggestions in accordance with the actual conditions in China. It has also undertaken three cycles of United Nations Human Rights Council (UNHRC) Universal Periodic Review since 2009, with its reports being adopted, and it has given due attention and responsible feedback to all suggestions from other countries. Most countries have affirmed China’s achievements in this regard and its contribution to international human rights.

自1971年中國恢復在聯(lián)合國合法席位后，便積極參與國際人權機制。自1982年起，中國正式擔任人權委員會成員國并一直連選連任。2006年人權理事會成立以來，中國已五度當選理事會成員，有近20名中國籍專家擔任聯(lián)合國多個多邊人權機構或?qū)ｉT委員會的委員。中國同聯(lián)合國人權事務高級專員及其辦公室保持建設性接觸，先后8次接待人權高專訪華，多次邀請高專辦官員來華交流訪問。截至2021年4月，中國先后邀請宗教信仰自由特別報告員、任意拘留問題工作組、教育權特別報告員、酷刑問題特別報告員、糧食權特別報告員、消除對婦女歧視問題工作組、外債對人權影響問題獨立專家、極端貧困與人權問題特別報告員、老年人權利問題獨立專家等9個特別機制11次訪華。中國認真對待人權理事會特別機制來函，在認真調(diào)查的基礎上及時予以答復。
Since China recovered its legitimate seat in the UN in 1971, it has played an active role in international human rights issues. In 1982, China became an official member state of the UN Commission on Human Rights (UNCHR) and has maintained this position ever since. Since the UNHRC was established in 2006, it has been elected a council member five times, and about 20 Chinese experts served on the UN’s multilateral human rights organizations and special commissions.

China maintains constructive contacts with the Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR), receiving eight visits by the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights to China, and inviting many of the OHCHR officials to visit China. By April 2021, China has invited 11 visits by nine UN representatives and groups:

?the UN Special Rapporteur on freedom of religion or belief,

?the UN Working Group on Arbitrary Detention,

?the UN Special Rapporteur on the right to education,

?the UN Special Rapporteur on Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment,

?the UN Special Rapporteur on the right to food,

?the UN Working Group on discrimination against women and girls,

?the UN Independent Expert on foreign debt,

?the UN Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights, and

?the UN Independent Expert on the enjoyment of all human rights by older persons.

China handles letters from the Special Procedures of the UNHRC with due attention, carrying out any necessary investigations and giving timely replies.

中國參與制定國際人權規(guī)范，參加了《禁止酷刑和其他殘忍、不人道或有辱人格的待遇或處罰公約》《兒童權利公約》《殘疾人權利公約》《保護所有移徙工人及其家庭成員權利國際公約》，以及《經(jīng)濟、社會及文化權利國際公約》任擇議定書等重要人權文件的制定工作組會議。中國作為主要推動者之一，參與了《發(fā)展權利宣言》起草工作。中國推動亞洲國家通過《曼谷宣言》，作為第二屆世界人權大會副主席國參與起草《維也納宣言和行動綱領》。中國積極參與勞工保護、人道主義、社會責任等領域國際規(guī)則制定。中國是《聯(lián)合國氣候變化框架公約》首批締約方之一，全程參與并有效推動氣候變化多邊進程，為推動達成《巴黎協(xié)定》作出積極貢獻。
China is a contributor to international human rights standards:

?It has attended the meetings of the drafting groups of the Convention Against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment, the Convention on the Rights of the Child, the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, the International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families, and the Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, along with other important documents on human rights protection.

?As one of the major initiators, it took part in the drafting of the Declaration on the Right to Development.

?It urged other Asian countries to adopt the Bangkok Declaration on human rights in 1993, and participated in drafting the Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action at the Second World Conference on Human Rights.

?It actively participates in the formulation of international rules on labor protection, humanitarianism and social responsibility.

?As one of the first signatories to the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change, it participated in and effectively promoted the whole multilateral process of climate change issues, and made a positive contribution to the adoption of the Paris Agreement.

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中國積極推動國際人權機構改革朝著更加公正合理包容方向發(fā)展。在設立聯(lián)合國人權理事會過程中，中國主張會員國公平地域分配，提升發(fā)展中國家在人權理事會中的代表性；中國主張扭轉(zhuǎn)將人權問題政治化的現(xiàn)狀，不搞雙重標準，減少和避免對抗，促進合作，推動人權理事會以公正客觀、非選擇性、普遍性等方式審議人權問題。中國支持聯(lián)合國人權理事會設立安全飲用水、文化權、殘疾人權利等專題性特別機制；倡導召開關于糧食安全、國際金融機制等議題的特別會議，積極推動完善國際人權機制。中國支持對人權條約機構進行必要改革，促進條約機構依據(jù)條約授權履職并與締約國在相互尊重的基礎上開展對話與合作。
China supports the reform of international human rights organizations in a fair, rational and inclusive direction. In establishing the UNHRC, China advocated membership based on equitable geographical distribution, so as to increase the representation of developing countries. It proposes to reverse the present practice of politicizing human rights issues, do away with double standards, refrain from confrontation or minimize its impact, facilitate cooperation, and encourage the UNHRC to review human rights issues in a just, objective, non-selective and universal manner. China supports the UNHRC in establishing specialized mechanisms for securing safe drinking water, protecting cultural rights, and defending the rights of persons with disabilities. It advocates for special conferences on food security and global financial mechanisms, and promotes the international mechanisms for protecting human rights. China stands by the necessary reform of the human rights treaty bodies, seeing that they perform their duties within their mandate and engage in dialogue and cooperation with signatory states on the basis of mutual respect.

自1990年以來，中國與美國、澳大利亞、加拿大、英國、挪威、德國、荷蘭、瑞士、新西蘭以及歐盟等西方國家和國際組織進行人權對話和交流，與俄羅斯、埃及、南非、巴西、馬來西亞、巴基斯坦、白俄羅斯、古巴以及非盟等發(fā)展中國家或國際組織開展人權磋商。中國人權研究會、中國人權發(fā)展基金會等社會組織積極參與聯(lián)合國人權理事會會議和活動，組團赴亞洲、北美、南美、歐洲、大洋洲、非洲的數(shù)十個國家交流訪問，并邀請多國人權領域的政府官員和專家學者訪華，增進了理解與互信。中國通過“北京人權論壇”“南南人權論壇”“中歐人權研討會”“中美司法與人權研討會”等國際人權交流活動，拓展了國際人權交流合作，增進了在人權問題上與各國的相互了解。
Since 1990, China has held dialogues and discussions on human rights with Western countries and international organizations such as the US, Australia, Canada, the UK, Norway, Germany, the Netherlands, Switzerland, New Zealand and the EU, and held consultations with developing countries and international organizations including Russia, Egypt, South Africa, Brazil, Malaysia, Pakistan, Belarus, Cuba, and the African Union. The China Society for Human Rights Studies, China Foundation for Human Rights Development and other human rights NGOs in China have taken an active part in the UNHRC conferences and activities, organized teams to visit dozens of countries in Asia, North America, South America, Europe, Oceania and Africa. They have also invited government officials, experts and academics on human rights from various countries to visit China to enhance mutual understanding and trust. Through a series of international mechanisms like the Beijing Forum on Human Rights, the South-South Human Rights Forum, the China-Europe Seminar on Human Rights, and the Sino-American Dialogue on the Rule of Law and Human Rights, China has expanded its exchanges and cooperation with other countries on human rights, leading to greater mutual understanding in this respect.

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（三）推動構建人類命運共同體
3. Building a Global Community of Shared Future

共建“一帶一路”倡議是推動構建人類命運共同體的重要實踐平臺。這一倡議秉持和遵循共商共建共享原則，堅持開放、綠色、廉潔理念，積極推動政策溝通、設施聯(lián)通、貿(mào)易暢通、資金融通、民心相通，追求實現(xiàn)高標準、可持續(xù)、惠民生目標，是共同發(fā)展的倡議，也是保障人權的倡議。據(jù)世界銀行研究報告，共建“一帶一路”倡議將使相關國家760萬人擺脫極端貧困、3200萬人擺脫中度貧困，將使參與國貿(mào)易增長2.8%至9.7%、全球貿(mào)易增長1.7%至6.2%、全球收入增加0.7%至2.9%。“一帶一路”既是和平之路、繁榮之路、開放之路、創(chuàng)新之路、文明之路，也是實現(xiàn)全人類共同發(fā)展的人權之路。
Belt and Road cooperation is a major platform for building a global community of shared future. Upholding the principle of extensive consultation, joint contribution and shared benefits, and pursuing open, green and clean cooperation, the Belt and Road Initiative promotes policy, infrastructure, trade, financial and people-to-people connectivity and targets high-standard, sustainable and people-centered goals. It is an initiative for common development and also for protecting human rights. According to a World Bank study[ The World Bank, Belt and Road Economics: Opportunities and Risks of Transport Corridors, 2019. ], the initiative could help lift 7.6 million people out of extreme poverty and 32 million people out of moderate poverty. It could boost trade by 2.8 to 9.7 percent for the corridor economies, and by 1.7 to 6.2 percent for the world. Global real income could increase by 0.7 to 2.9 percent. In addition to a path towards peace, prosperity, opening up, innovation, and cultural exchanges, the Belt and Road is also a route to common development and full human rights for the whole of humanity.

中國努力推動構建公平合理、合作共贏的全球環(huán)境治理體系，共同構建人與自然生命共同體。中國建立中歐環(huán)境與氣候高層對話機制，并繼續(xù)開展應對氣候變化南南合作，啟動中非環(huán)境合作中心，積極推動“2020年后全球生物多樣性框架”進程。中國將生態(tài)文明領域合作作為共建“一帶一路”重點內(nèi)容，發(fā)起系列綠色行動倡議，采取綠色基建、綠色能源、綠色交通、綠色金融等一系列舉措，持續(xù)造福參與共建“一帶一路”的各國人民。中國已提出力爭2030年前實現(xiàn)碳達峰，努力爭取2060年前實現(xiàn)碳中和，這是中國基于推動構建人類命運共同體的責任擔當和實現(xiàn)可持續(xù)發(fā)展的內(nèi)在要求作出的重大戰(zhàn)略決策。
China is also striving to create a just and rational global environmental governance system driven by cooperation and mutual benefit, and eventually to build a community of harmony between humanity and nature. China has established the China-EU High-Level Environment and Climate Dialogue, and continued south-south cooperation on climate change. It inaugurated the China-Africa Environmental Cooperation Center, and promoted the adoption of the Post-2020 Global Biodiversity Framework. Taking eco-environmental cooperation as a major element of Belt and Road cooperation, it has launched a series of green action initiatives, and adopted such measures as green infrastructure construction, green energy, green transport and green finance, so as to deliver solid benefits to all peoples of the countries participating in the Belt and Road. China has announced that it will try to make its carbon dioxide emissions peak before 2030 and will strive to achieve carbon neutrality before 2060. This strategic policy decision is based on its commitment to help build a global community of shared future and its internal need for sustainable development.

中國積極推動構建人類衛(wèi)生健康共同體。中國積極通過援建醫(yī)院、提供藥品和醫(yī)療設備、派遣醫(yī)療隊、培訓醫(yī)療人員、與發(fā)展中國家共同開展疾病防治交流合作等形式，支持受援國進一步改善醫(yī)療衛(wèi)生條件，提高疾病防控水平，加強公共衛(wèi)生能力建設。截至2021年4月，中國已累計派遣醫(yī)療隊員2.7萬人次，診治患者2.8億人次。新冠肺炎疫情發(fā)生以來，中國堅持同國際社會加強交流合作，并力所能及地為國際組織和其他國家提供援助和支持，為全球抗疫貢獻中國智慧、中國力量。習近平主席親自推動開展國際合作，呼吁各國團結合作戰(zhàn)勝疫情，共同構建人類衛(wèi)生健康共同體。截至2021年4月，中國已向世界衛(wèi)生組織提供5000萬美元現(xiàn)匯援助，向34個國家派出37支醫(yī)療專家組，已經(jīng)或正在向151個國家和14個國際組織提供抗疫援助，并向聯(lián)合國新冠肺炎疫情全球人道應對計劃提供支持，有力支持了國際社會疫情防控。與此同時，中國積極開展國際科研交流合作，加強同世界衛(wèi)生組織溝通交流，同有關國家在溯源、藥物、疫苗、檢測等方面開展科研交流與合作，共享科研數(shù)據(jù)信息，共同研究防控和救治策略。
China has engaged itself actively in building a global community of health for all. By building hospitals, offering medicine and medical equipment, dispatching medical teams, training local healthcare workers, and carrying out exchanges and cooperation on disease prevention and control, it has helped recipient developing countries further improve their medical and healthcare provision, raise the standards of their disease prevention and control, and strengthen their capabilities in public health. By April 2021, it had dispatched 27,000 medical workers on aid missions abroad, who have treated 280 million patients.

China has been carrying out exchanges and cooperation with the international community since the onset of the Covid-19 epidemic. It has done all it can to provide assistance and support to international organizations and other countries, contributing ingenuity and strength to the global battle against the coronavirus. President Xi Jinping acted in person to promote international cooperation, calling for solidarity from all countries in the battle, and joint efforts in building a global community of health for all. By April 2021, China had donated USD50 million in cash to the World Health Organization (WHO), and sent 37 medical expert teams to 34 countries. It has already provided or is offering assistance to 151 countries and 14 international organizations, and has contributed to the UN Covid-19 Global Humanitarian Response Plan. All these efforts support international epidemic prevention and control. At the same time, China has strengthened communication and exchanges with the WHO, conducted exchanges and cooperation with other countries on research in virus traceability, medicines, vaccines, and testing, shared scientific research data and information, and jointly studied prevention, control and treatment strategies.

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