三、以發展促人權增進經濟社會文化權利
III. Boosting Human Rights with Development and Securing Economic, Social
and Cultural Rights

在全面建成小康社會進程中，中國堅持以發展促人權，推動全面落實經濟社會權利、文化教育權利以及生態環境權利，人民生活更加富足安康、和諧幸福。
In building a moderately prosperous society in all respects, China is committed to boosting human rights with development and securing economic, social, cultural, educational and environmental rights. As a result, its people now lead more prosperous, secure, harmonious and happier lives.

1.疫情防控奉行生命至上
1. Putting Life First in Fighting Covid-19

新冠肺炎疫情是百年以來人類經歷的最嚴重的全球公共衛生突發事件。中國堅持人民至上、生命至上，不惜付出巨大經濟社會代價，在疫情暴發之初就采取最全面最嚴格最有力的防控措施，有力扭轉了疫情局勢，維護人民生命安全和身體健康。
The Covid-19 pandemic is the most serious global health emergency in a century. Facing this crisis, China has put the people’s interests first – nothing is more precious than people’s lives. It has adopted thorough, rigorous and effective prevention and control measures, regardless of huge economic and social costs. It has turned the tide in the battle against the virus and safeguarded people’s lives and health.

疫情暴發初期，中國舉全國之力實施了規模空前的生命大救援，從全國調集最優秀的醫生、最先進的設備、最急需的資源千里馳援武漢市和湖北省。2020年1月24日至3月8日，全國共調集346支國家醫療隊、4.26萬名醫務人員、900多名公共衛生人員馳援湖北；緊急調集4萬名建設者和幾千臺機械設備，分別僅用十多天時間就建成了有1000張病床的火神山醫院、有1600張病床的雷神山醫院和共有1.4萬余張床位的16座方艙醫院。湖北省共成功治愈3000余位80歲以上、7位百歲以上患者，多位重癥老年患者都是從死亡線上搶救回來，充分體現了對每一個生命的尊重和保護。
In the early days of the epidemic, China mobilized the whole nation and carried out a campaign to save lives on an unprecedented scale. It pooled the best doctors, the most advanced equipment, and critical supplies from across the country to aid Hubei Province, especially its capital city of Wuhan.
From January 24 to March 8, 2020, it rallied 346 national medical teams, consisting of 42,600 medical workers and more than 900 public health professionals to the immediate aid of Hubei; it mobilized 40,000 construction workers and a huge array of machinery and equipment to build the 1,000-bed Huoshenshan Hospital in 10 days, the 1,600-bed Leishenshan Hospital in 12 days, and 16 temporary treatment centers providing more than 14,000 beds in just over 10 days. Across Hubei, more than 3,000 patients over the age of 80, including seven centenarians, were cured, with many of them brought back to life from the verge of death. This fully demonstrated that the state respects and protects each and every life.

全力以赴救治患者，不遺漏每一個感染者，不放棄每一位病患者，及時出臺救治費用保障政策，確保患者不因費用問題影響就醫、醫療機構不因費用問題影響收治，最大程度提高了治愈率，降低了病亡率。堅持常態化精準防控和局部應急處置有機結合，不斷鞏固疫情防控成果。大力推進新冠疫苗接種，加快構筑免疫屏障。
China did everything possible to treat all patients. The government promptly adopted policies to subsidize medical expenses for Covid-19 to ensure that patients could receive timely treatment and that medical institutions could proceed smoothly with admission and treatment. They proved to be very effective in raising the cure rate and lowering the fatality rate.
China has combined ongoing targeted control and local emergency response, and consolidated the gains in its fight against Covid-19. It is making every effort to vaccinate its people and moving faster to form nationwide immunity.

2.衛生健康服務公平可及
2. Ensuring Equitable and Accessible Health Services

沒有全民健康，就沒有全面小康。中國把人民健康放在優先發展的戰略位置，實施健康中國戰略，推進健康中國行動，推行普惠高效的基本公共衛生服務，不斷提升醫療衛生服務的公平性、可及性、便利性和可負擔性。
Prosperity for all is impossible without health for all. China gives top priority to improving its people’s health. It is carrying out the Healthy China initiative and has worked out action plans to ensure that basic public health services are inclusive and efficient, and to make health and medical services more equitable, accessible, convenient and affordable.

公共衛生服務體系基本形成。全國醫療衛生機構（包含醫院、基層醫療機構、專業公共衛生機構）由1978年的17萬個大幅增長到2020年的102.3萬個。包括疾病預防控制、健康教育、婦幼保健、精神衛生防治、應急救治、采供血、衛生監督等各種專業機構在內的公共衛生服務體系基本形成。公共衛生服務范圍不斷擴大。城鄉居民免費享受的基本公共衛生服務項目由2010年的9類擴展到2020年的12類，項目內容覆蓋居民生命的全過程。持續實施腦卒中、心血管疾病高危篩查、口腔疾病綜合干預、癌癥早診早治等項目，慢性病防控效果顯著增強。主要傳染性疾病得到有效遏制。通過提升免疫規劃疫苗接種率，中國在2000年消滅了脊髓灰質炎，在2012年消除了新生兒破傷風，在2020年消除了瘧疾，2021年被世界衛生組織認證為無瘧疾國家。艾滋病整體疫情控制在低流行水平，結核病成功治療率保持在90%以上。
A basic public health services system is in place. The number of medical and health institutions in China, including hospitals, grassroots medical institutions and specialized public health institutions, increased from 170,000 in 1978 to over 1 million in 2020. A public health services system consisting of various specialized institutions has taken shape, providing disease prevention and control, health education, maternal and child health care, mental health care, emergency response, blood collection and supply, health inspection, and other services.
The range of public health services is expanding. Free basic public health services increased from nine categories in 2010 to 12 categories in 2020, spanning the entire life cycle. The state promotes many preventive services, such as screening for stroke and cardiovascular disease risk, comprehensive oral disease prevention and intervention, and early screening and treatment of cancer. China’s capacity to prevent and control chronic illnesses has improved remarkably. Major infectious diseases have been effectively contained. By raising the vaccination rates under the national immunization program, China eradicated polio in 2000 and neonatal tetanus in 2012. It eliminated malaria in 2020 and was awarded a malaria-free certification from the World Health Organization (WHO) in 2021. The spread of HIV remains at a low level, and the cure rate of tuberculosis is maintained at over 90 percent.

醫療衛生服務體系不斷健全。中國致力于建立優質高效的整合型醫療衛生服務體系，改善醫療衛生資源的可及性和便利性，提高醫療服務質量和效率，居民就醫感受明顯改善。2020年，全國醫療衛生機構床位總數達911萬張，其中醫院713萬張，鄉鎮衛生院139萬張；衛生技術人員總數達1066萬人，其中執業醫師和執業助理醫師408萬人，注冊護士471萬人；全年總診療人次78.2億人次，孕產婦產前檢查率達96.8%，住院分娩率為99.9%。合理配置醫療資源，構建“基層首診、雙向轉診、急慢分治、上下聯動”的分級診療服務體系。取消以藥補醫機制，建立基本藥物制度，各級各類公立醫療機構全面配備優先使用基本藥物，實行零差率銷售。
China’s medical services system has been improving. The country is committed to building an integrated medical services system of high quality and efficiency and improving the availability and accessibility of medical resources. As a result, public satisfaction with medical services is rising notably.
In 2020, the number of beds in medical institutions across the country reached 9.1 million, including 7.1 million beds in hospitals and 1.4 million in township-level health centers. There were 10.7 million health professionals, including 4.1 million licensed doctors and assistant doctors and 4.7 million registered nurses. That year recorded 7.8 billion medical visits. The rate of prenatal care was 96.8 percent, and the rate of hospital deliveries reached 99.9 percent.
China provides a reasonable distribution of medical resources. It is building a tiered treatment system featuring primary treatment at the community level, flexible inter-hospital patient transfer, differentiated treatment for acute and chronic illnesses, and coordination across different levels. It has put an end to the practice of hospitals subsidizing their medical services with drug sales and established a system of essential medicines. All government-funded medical institutions across the country are supplied with essential medicines, which are guaranteed to meet priority health care needs and sold with zero markup.

人民健康指標穩步改善。居民主要健康指標總體上優于中高收入國家平均水平。中國人均預期壽命從1981年的67.8歲增長到2019年的77.3歲。嬰兒死亡率從改革開放初期的37.6‰下降到2020年的5.4‰。孕產婦死亡率從2002年的43.2/10萬下降到2020年的16.9/10萬，被世界衛生組織譽為“發展中國家的典范”“婦幼健康高績效國家”。基本醫療衛生與健康促進法通過并實施，為全方位全周期維護人民健康、實施健康中國戰略提供法治保障。隨著經濟社會的發展，國家不斷引導居民形成健康的生活方式。城鄉居民在工作之余鍛煉身體、關注飲食健康已經成為普遍的社會風氣。
Public health indicators are steadily improving. The core health indicators of the Chinese have generally surpassed the average level of middle- and high-income countries. The average life expectancy in China rose from 67.8 years in 1981 to 77.3 years in 2019. Infant mortality declined from 37.6 per 1,000 in the early days of reform and opening up to 5.4 per 1,000 in 2020; and maternal mortality dropped from 43.2 per 100,000 in 2002 to 16.9 per 100,000 in 2020. In recognition of its achievements, China has been hailed by the WHO as a role model for developing countries and a fast-track country in improving maternal and child health.
The Law on the Promotion of Basic Medical and Health Care has been adopted and implemented, providing a legal guarantee for comprehensive health care for the full life cycle and for the Healthy China initiative. With steady social and economic improvement, the state devotes itself to helping citizens develop healthy lifestyles. A social atmosphere has taken shape where both urban and rural residents do regular exercise in their spare time and pay attention to a healthy diet.

3.生活質量顯著提高
3. Upgrading the Quality of Life

居民收入水平持續提升。中國經濟長期持續穩定增長，人均國內生產總值從1978年的385元增至2020年的72000元。2020年，全國居民人均可支配收入達到32189元。居民消費結構日益優化。2020年全國居民恩格爾系數為30.2%，比1978年降低33.7個百分點。基本居住條件顯著改善。城鎮居民人均住房建筑面積從1978年的4.2平方米增長到2019年的39.8平方米；農村居民人均住房建筑面積從1978年的8.1平方米增長到2019年的48.9平方米。城市人均公園綠地面積從1981年的1.5平方米增長到2019年的14.36平方米。實施城鎮保障性安居工程，幫助約2億困難群眾改善了住房條件。交通基礎網絡日益完善，人民出行更加安全便利。截至2020年，全國鐵路運營里程達14.6萬公里，其中高速鐵路運營里程3.8萬公里。公路總里程達519.81萬公里，其中高速公路里程16.1萬公里。城市軌道交通運營里程達7354.7公里。信息化生活品質大幅提升。中國政府大力實施新型基礎設施建設，讓人民群眾享受更多的信息化發展成果。2020年，全國移動電話普及率達113.9部/百人；互聯網普及率達70.4%，其中農村地區互聯網普及率為55.9%。截至2021年6月，全國已建設開通5G基站84.7萬個。互聯網在線購物等消費新業態蓬勃發展。2020年，全國網絡購物用戶規模達7.82億，占網民整體的79.1%；全國網絡零售額11.76萬億元，比2019年增長10.9%。
Incomes continue to rise. For four decades, China’s economy has been growing steadily. From 1978 to 2020, the country’s per capita GDP increased from RMB385 to RMB72,000. In 2020, the average per capita disposable income was RMB32,189. Consumption patterns are improving. In 2020, the Engel coefficient was 30.2 percent, down 33.7 percentage points from 1978. Housing conditions have improved markedly. In 2019, the per capita floor space of urban residents was 39.8 sq m, up from 4.2 sq m in 1978, and that of rural residents was 48.9 sq m, up from 8.1 sq m in 1978. Urban park green space per capita increased from 1.5 sq m in 1981 to 14.36 sq m in 2019. Construction projects have been launched to provide affordable housing to urban residents, helping nearly 200 million poor people improve their housing conditions.
China’s transport infrastructure network has been improving steadily, resulting in more convenient and safer public transport. By the end of 2020, the country’s rail length had grown to 146,000 km, and high-speed rail had reached 38,000 km; road length had increased to 5.2 million km, including 161,000 km of expressways; urban rail transit had reached 7,355 km.
The availability of IT applications has improved greatly. The Chinese government makes great efforts to develop new types of infrastructure to ensure that the people benefit more from the use of information technology. In 2020, every 100 people had 113.9 mobile phones; internet usage was 70.4 percent nationwide and 55.9 percent in rural areas. By June 2021, 847,000 5G base stations had been built and put into operation across the country. New business forms represented by online shopping are thriving. In 2020, there were 782 million online shoppers, accounting for 79.1 percent of all internet users, and nationwide online retail sales reached RMB11.8 trillion, up 10.9 percent from 2019.

4.就業更加充分
4. Maximizing Employment

中國政府堅持實施就業優先戰略和積極的就業政策，推動“大眾創業、萬眾創新”，突出強調“要優先穩就業保民生”，致力實現充分就業、體面就業、和諧就業的美好愿景。建立起覆蓋省、市、縣、街道（鄉鎮）、社區（村）的五級公共就業服務網絡體系。截至2020年，全國共有人力資源服務機構4.58萬家，全年為2.9億人次勞動者提供了就業、擇業和流動服務；全國就業人數為75064萬人，其中城鎮就業人數為46271萬人。2019年，中國城鎮新增就業1352萬人，連續7年保持在1300萬人以上。在新冠肺炎疫情帶來的不利影響下，2020年中國城鎮新增就業仍達到1186萬人。民營企業提供了80%以上城鎮就業崗位。新產業新業態新模式不斷涌現，創造了大量兼職就業、靈活就業崗位。勞動者工資收入快速增長，城鎮非私營單位就業人員年均工資從1978年的615元增加到2019年的90501元。
China advocates an employment-first strategy and a proactive employment policy. It encourages widespread entrepreneurship and innovation, and gives top priority to ensuring stability in employment and people’s wellbeing. It is committed to realizing fuller employment, with decent jobs for all and harmonious labor relations. It has established a five-tiered employment services network covering the province, city, county, sub-district/township, and community/village levels.
As of 2020, there were 45,800 employment services agencies in China, helping 290 million people find temporary or long-term work; China’s employed population reached 750 million, of whom 463 million were in urban areas. In 2019, the growth in new jobs in urban areas was 13.5 million, and the figure had remained above 13 million for seven consecutive years. In 2020, despite the impact of the Covid-19 pandemic, there were 11.9 million new jobs in urban areas.
Private enterprises provide more than 80 percent of urban jobs. New industries and new business forms and models continue to emerge, creating a large number of part-time or flexible jobs. Workers’ incomes are increasing rapidly. The average annual salary of employees in urban non-private units rose from RMB615 in 1978 to RMB90,501 in 2019.

5.公共文化服務不斷優化
5. Enhancing Public Cultural Services

經過40多年的發展，覆蓋城鄉的公共文化服務體系不斷完善，文藝創作持續繁榮，文化體育事業蓬勃發展。2020年，全國共有公共圖書館3212個，博物館5788家，文化館3321個，鄉鎮綜合文化站32825個，村級綜合性文化服務中心575384個。全年出版各類報紙277億份，各類期刊20億冊，圖書101億冊（張），人均圖書擁有量達7.24冊（張）。全國廣播節目綜合人口覆蓋率為99.4%，電視節目綜合人口覆蓋率為99.6%。全年生產電視劇202部7476集，電視動畫片116688分鐘，故事影片531部，科教、紀錄、動畫和特種影片119部。實施廣播電視戶戶通工程、農村電影放映工程、農家書屋工程等文化惠民工程，促進基本公共文化服務標準化、均等化，保障人民群眾基本文化權益。公共數字文化工程累計建設可供全國共享的數字資源約1274TB，數字圖書館推廣工程已覆蓋全國39家省級圖書館、376家市級圖書館，服務輻射2760個縣級圖書館。建設完善公共體育場、全民健身中心、體育公園、健身步道、足球場、多功能健身場地等多種類型的全民健身場地設施，倡導全民健身。2020年，全國共有體育場地371.3萬個，體育場地面積31億平方米，人均體育場地面積2.2平方米，行政村“農民體育健身工程”基本實現全覆蓋，經常參加體育鍛煉人數比例達37.2%。
Over the past four decades, China’s public cultural services have continued to improve. Art, literature, culture and sports are thriving.
In 2020, China had 3,212 public libraries, 5,788 museums, 3,321 cultural centers, 32,825 township-level cultural stations, and 575,384 village-level cultural service centers. In publishing, 27.7 billion copies of newspapers, 2 billion copies of magazines, and 10.1 billion copies of books were issued, a per capita average of 7.2 books.
In 2020, the coverage of radio programs was 99.4 percent, and the coverage of TV programs 99.6 percent. The country produced 202 TV series, TV animations with a total length of 116,688 minutes, 531 feature films, and 119 popular science films, documentaries, animated cartoons and special films. Public-interest cultural initiatives to ensure radio and television coverage for all households, bring cinema to rural communities, and set up rural libraries were implemented to provide consistent and equal access to basic public cultural services and to protect the people’s basic cultural rights and interests.
In 2020, a total of 1,274 terabytes of public cultural resources were created through projects under the public digital cultural services program. Among them, the digital library project covered 39 provincial-level and 376 city-level libraries, with services radiating into 2,760 county-level libraries.
The state is promoting a national fitness program. Sports venues of various types have been built or renovated, including public stadiums, fitness centers, sports parks, running trails, soccer fields, and multifunctional fitness facilities. In 2020, there were 3.7 million sports venues in China, with a total floor area of 3.1 billion sq m (2.2 sq m per capita); 37.2 percent of the population took part in regular exercise; the rural fitness program covered almost all villages.

6.受教育權利得到更好保障
6. Guaranteeing the Right to Education

中國堅持教育公益性原則，把教育公平作為國家基本教育政策，受教育權保障水平顯著提升。全國學前三年毛入園率從2010年的56.6%提高到2020年的85.2%，實現了學前教育基本普及。2020年，全國九年義務教育鞏固率為95.2%，義務教育普及程度達到世界高收入國家的平均水平。殘疾兒童義務教育入學率達95%以上。建立覆蓋從學前教育到研究生教育的全學段學生資助政策體系，不讓一個孩子因家庭經濟困難而輟學的目標基本實現。傾斜支持農村教育、中西部地區教育，全國96.8%的縣實現義務教育基本均衡發展，更多農村和中西部地區孩子享受到更好更公平的教育。全國高中階段教育毛入學率從2000年的42.8%提高到2020年的91.2%，超過中等偏上收入國家平均水平；高等教育毛入學率從2000年的12.5%提高到2020年的54.4%，高等教育在學總規模超過4000萬人，建成世界上最大規模的高等教育體系。
China runs education for the public good and regards equal access to education as a basic national education policy. It has made significant progress in protecting the right to education. The gross enrollment rate in three-year preschool education rose to 85.2 percent in 2020 from 56.6 percent in 2010. In 2020, the completion rate of compulsory education was 95.2 percent, and the availability of compulsory education reached the average level of high-income countries. More than 95 percent of children with disabilities received compulsory education.
The state has established a policy system for subsidizing students with financial difficulties, which offers full coverage from preschool to postgraduate education. As a result, the goal of ensuring that no student drops out of school due to financial difficulties has now been largely achieved. The state gives more support to education in rural areas and central and western regions. Thanks to this, 96.8 percent of the counties nationwide have realized balanced compulsory education, and more children in rural areas and central and western regions enjoy better access to quality education.
The gross enrollment rate in senior secondary education increased from 42.8 percent in 2000 to 91.2 percent in 2020, higher than the average of upper-middle-income countries. The gross enrollment rate in higher education rose from 12.5 percent in 2000 to 54.4 percent in 2020. China has built the world’s largest higher education system, with over 40 million students on campus.

7.社會保障體系覆蓋全民
7. Expanding Social Security to Cover All Citizens

社會保障是保障和改善民生、維護社會公平、增進人民福祉的基本制度保障。2020年，全國參加職工基本醫療保險人數3.4億人，參加城鄉居民基本醫療保險人數10.2億人，參保總人數超過13.6億人；參加生育保險人數23567萬人。截至2021年6月，全國參加城鎮職工基本養老保險人數46709萬人，參加城鄉居民基本養老保險人數54735萬人；參加失業保險人數22229萬人；參加工傷保險人數27399萬人，其中參加工傷保險的農民工9082萬人；參加生育保險人數23546萬人。國家還通過城鄉居民大病保險等補充保險，在基本醫保制度之外對大病患者高額醫療費用予以保障。構筑以最低生活保障、特困人員救助供養、受災人員救助、醫療救助、教育救助、住房救助、就業救助、臨時救助等為主體，社會力量參與為補充，應救盡救的綜合性社會救助體系。截至2020年，全國共有805萬人獲得城市最低生活保障，3621萬人獲得農村最低生活保障，31萬人獲得城市特困人員救助供養，447萬人獲得農村特困人員救助供養，全年臨時救助1341萬人次，全國共實施醫療救助18608萬人次，支出資金546.8億元。為保障受疫情影響困難群眾基本生活，2020年為困難群眾發放價格臨時補貼資金218億元，惠及4億人次；受疫情影響，困難群眾有244萬人新納入低保，有254萬人次獲得臨時救助。
Social security is a basic institutional guarantee for safeguarding and improving people’s lives, ensuring social equity and enhancing their sense of wellbeing.
In 2020, 340 million people were covered by basic medical insurance for urban workers, and 1.02 billion by basic medical insurance for rural and non-working urban residents – a total of 1.36 billion. As of June 2021, basic old-age insurance for urban workers covered 467 million people, basic old-age insurance for rural and non-working urban residents covered 547 million, and unemployment insurance covered 222 million. Work-related injury insurance covered 274 million, 90.8 million of whom were migrant workers. Childbirth insurance covered more than 235 million people. In addition, the state has established a serious illness insurance covering both urban and rural residents, which is a supplement to the basic medical insurance systems, reimbursing the victims of serious illnesses for their high medical expenses.
China has established a comprehensive and inclusive social assistance system whose main provisions are subsistence allowances, assistance and support for severely impoverished people, disaster relief, medical assistance, education assistance, housing assistance, employment assistance, and temporary assistance, supplemented by public participation. At the end of 2020, 8 million people lived on urban subsistence allowances, 36.2 million on rural subsistence allowances, 310,000 on assistance and support for urban residents in extreme difficulty, and 4.5 million on assistance and support for rural residents in extreme difficulty. In 2020, 13.4 million received temporary assistance; 186 million received medical assistance worth of RMB54.7 billion.
To guarantee a basic living to people in difficulties caused by Covid-19, the government provided temporary subsidies totaling RMB21.8 billion to residents in need when the Consumer Price Index fluctuates beyond a certain range, benefitting 400 million people. Due to impact from Covid-19, subsistence allowances were extended to an additional 2.4 million people facing difficulties, and 2.5 million received temporary assistance.

8.生態環境持續改善
8. Improving the Eco-environment

良好生態環境是最普惠的民生福祉。中共十八大以來，將生態文明建設納入國家發展“五位一體”總體布局，倡導“綠水青山就是金山銀山”綠色發展理念，嚴守生態保護紅線，堅決打好污染防治攻堅戰，推進美麗中國建設，切實保護公民環境權利。堅決打贏藍天保衛戰，空氣更加清新。2020年，全國萬元國內生產總值二氧化碳排放較2005年下降48.4%，提前完成比2005年下降40%至45%的碳排放目標。天然氣、水電、核電、風電等清潔能源消費量占能源消費總量比重從2016年的19.1%上升到2020年的24.3%（初步核算數）。全國337個地級及以上城市中，2020年空氣質量達標的城市占59.9%。著力打好碧水保衛戰，水質持續優化。2020年，1940個國家地表水考核斷面中，水質優良（Ⅰ－Ⅲ類）斷面比例為83.4%，比2019年上升8.5個百分點；劣Ⅴ類斷面比例為0.6%，比2019年下降2.8個百分點；全國近岸海域優良（一、二類）水質比例為77.4%，比2019年上升0.8個百分點；劣四類水質比例為9.4%，比2019年下降2.3個百分點。扎實推進凈土保衛戰，土壤環境風險得到有效管控。制定土壤污染防治法，實施土壤污染防治行動計劃。以農用地和重點行業企業用地為重點，開展土壤污染狀況詳查。2014年至2019年，全國依法依規關停涉重金屬行業企業3500余家，實施金屬減排工程850多個。開展農用地土壤環境質量類別劃分、治理修復等工作，農用地土壤環境狀況總體穩定。全面禁止洋垃圾入境，基本實現固體廢物零進口。人居環境不斷改善。2020年，全國農村衛生廁所普及率超過68%，生活垃圾進行收運處理的行政村比例超過90%，全國農村生活污水治理率達25.5%；46個重點城市生活垃圾分類覆蓋居民8300萬戶，居民小區覆蓋率94.6%，地級及以上城市建成區黑臭水體消除比例超過90%。實施最嚴格的生態保護。截至2020年，全國共建立自然保護地近萬處，保護面積覆蓋陸域國土面積的18%，約90%的陸地生態系統類型和85%的重點野生動物種群得到有效保護。全國森林覆蓋率由20世紀70年代初的12.7%提高到2020年的23.04%。在全球森林面積持續凈損失達1.78億公頃的不利形勢下，中國森林面積近十年年凈增約249.9萬公頃，居全球第一。2012年至2021年6月，累計完成防沙治沙任務面積超過1900萬公頃，封禁保護面積達到177.2萬公頃。中國率先實現了荒漠化土地零增長，為實現《聯合國2030年可持續發展議程》提出的2030年全球退化土地零增長目標作出重要貢獻。
A sound eco-environment is the most inclusive benefit to people’s wellbeing. Since the 18th CPC National Congress, the central leadership has incorporated eco-environmental progress as part of the Five-sphere Integrated Plan for national development and has promoted an environment-friendly development model, advocating that lucid waters and lush mountains are invaluable assets. It has enforced strict eco-environmental red lines and made solid efforts to prevent and control pollution, working to build a beautiful China and protect environmental rights.
The air has become cleaner through efforts to keep the sky blue. In 2020, China’s CO2 emissions per RMB10,000 of GDP fell by 48.4 percent from 2005, achieving the goal of a 40-to-45-percent fall during this period ahead of schedule. The proportion of natural gas, hydropower, nuclear power, wind power and other types of clean energy in total energy consumption rose from 19.1 percent in 2016 to 24.3 percent in 2020. Among the 337 cities at and above prefecture level nationwide, 202 met the air quality standards in 2020.
Water quality is improving through efforts to keep waters clear. In 2020, 83.4 percent of the 1,940 surface water sections monitored by the state showed excellent and good quality (meeting Class I to Class III surface water quality standards), up 8.5 percentage points from 2019; 0.6 percent of sections suffered from poor water quality below Class V, down 2.8 percentage points from 2019. In 2020, 77.4 percent of offshore waters reached Class I and Class II sea water quality standards, up 0.8 percentage point from 2019; 9.4 percent of offshore waters were worse than Class IV, down 2.3 percentage points from 2019.
Effective measures have been taken to bring under control the risks associated with worsening soil qualities. The state has formulated the Law on Prevention and Control of Soil Pollution, and implemented its action plan for addressing soil pollution. National soil pollution surveys have been carried out, with the focus on land for agriculture and key industries and enterprises. From 2014 to 2019, more than 3,500 heavy-metal enterprises were shut down in accordance with laws and regulations, and more than 850 heavy-metal discharge reduction projects were carried out. The soil quality of agricultural land is subject to classification and restoration, and the soil environment of agricultural land remains stable. China has banned the import of foreign waste, and imports have largely fallen to zero.
The living environment is improving. In 2020, sanitary toilets were used by more than 68 percent of rural households. The system for the collection, transport, treatment and disposal of domestic waste covered more than 90 percent of villages. Domestic sewage treatment covered 25.5 percent of rural areas. In 46 major cities, 83 million households in 94.6 percent of communities were involved in domestic waste sorting programs. More than 90 percent of black and fetid water bodies in built-up areas of cities at and above prefecture level had been eliminated.
China enforces stringent eco-environmental conservation. As of 2020, nearly 10,000 nature reserves had been established across the country, covering 18 percent of China’s land mass, and bringing some 90 percent of land ecosystems and 85 percent of key wild animal populations under effective protection. China’s forest coverage rose from 12.7 percent in the early 1970s to 23 percent in 2020. While the global forest stock decreased by 178 million ha between 1990 and 2020, China’s forest area has seen an average annual increase of 2.5 million ha in the past decade, ranking top in the world. Between 2012 and June 2021, China completed desertification control work involving over 19 million ha of land, and 1.8 million ha have been closed off to prevent deterioration. China has become the first country to achieve a zero increase in desertification, making a great contribution to the UN 2030 Sustainable Development goal of zero increase in land degradation across the globe.

9.人類發展指數大幅提升
9. Achieving a Higher HDI Score

根據聯合國開發計劃署發布的“人類發展報告”，1990年中國還處于低人類發展水平組，1996年便進入了中等人類發展水平組，2011年又步入高人類發展水平組。中國的人類發展指數從1990年的0.499增長到2019年的0.761，是自1990年聯合國開發計劃署在全球首次測算人類發展指數以來，唯一從低人類發展水平組跨越到高人類發展水平組的國家。
According to the Human Development Report released by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), China was among the low-ranked countries in terms of the human development index (HDI) score in 1990; it moved into the ranks of countries with medium HDI scores in 1996; it ascended into the ranks of countries with high HDI scores in 2011. From 1990 to 2019, China’s HDI score increased from 0.499 to 0.761. China is the only country to have risen from a low-ranked country to a high-ranked country since 1990, when the UNDP first started to calculate countries’ HDI ratings.