國務(wù)院新聞辦公室10月8日發(fā)表《中國的生物多樣性保護(hù)》白皮書。

全文如下：

中國的生物多樣性保護(hù)
Biodiversity Conservation in China

（2021年10月）
中華人民共和國
國務(wù)院新聞辦公室
The State Council Information Office of the People’s Republic of China
October 2021

目錄
Contents

前言
Preface

一、秉持人與自然和諧共生理念
I. Harmony Between Humanity and Nature

二、提高生物多樣性保護(hù)成效
II. Increasing the Efficiency of Biodiversity Conservation

三、提升生物多樣性治理能力
III. Improving Biodiversity Governance

四、深化全球生物多樣性保護(hù)合作
IV. Further Global Cooperation on Biodiversity Conservation

結(jié)束語
Conclusion

前言
Preface

“生物多樣性”是生物（動物、植物、微生物）與環(huán)境形成的生態(tài)復(fù)合體以及與此相關(guān)的各種生態(tài)過程的總和，包括生態(tài)系統(tǒng)、物種和基因三個層次。生物多樣性關(guān)系人類福祉，是人類賴以生存和發(fā)展的重要基礎(chǔ)。人類必須尊重自然、順應(yīng)自然、保護(hù)自然，加大生物多樣性保護(hù)力度，促進(jìn)人與自然和諧共生。
Biodiversity refers to the variety of living species (plants, animals and microorganisms) in their natural environments and the aggregate of the related ecological processes. It is measured on three levels: genes, species and ecosystems. Biodiversity is the basis for human survival and development and has a direct bearing on our wellbeing. Humans must respect nature and follow its ways. We must conserve biodiversity to protect nature and live in harmony with it.

1972年，聯(lián)合國召開人類環(huán)境會議，與會各國共同簽署了《人類環(huán)境宣言》，生物資源保護(hù)被列入二十六項原則之中。1993年，《生物多樣性公約》正式生效，公約確立了保護(hù)生物多樣性、可持續(xù)利用其組成部分以及公平合理分享由利用遺傳資源而產(chǎn)生的惠益三大目標(biāo)，全球生物多樣性保護(hù)開啟了新紀(jì)元。
In 1972, at the United Nations Conference on the Human Environment, the attending nations signed the Declaration of the United Nations Conference on the Human Environment, which included the conservation of bio-resources in its 26 principles. In 1993, the Convention on Biological Diversity came into effect, which set three objectives – the conservation of biological diversity, the sustainable use of its components, and the fair and equitable sharing of the benefits arising out of the utilization of genetic resources, ushering in a new era for the protection of global biodiversity.

中國幅員遼闊，陸海兼?zhèn)洌孛埠蜌夂驈?fù)雜多樣，孕育了豐富而又獨特的生態(tài)系統(tǒng)、物種和遺傳多樣性，是世界上生物多樣性最豐富的國家之一。中國的傳統(tǒng)文化積淀了豐富的生物多樣性智慧，“天人合一”“道法自然”“萬物平等”等思想和理念體現(xiàn)了樸素的生物多樣性保護(hù)意識。作為最早簽署和批準(zhǔn)《生物多樣性公約》的締約方之一，中國一貫高度重視生物多樣性保護(hù)，不斷推進(jìn)生物多樣性保護(hù)與時俱進(jìn)、創(chuàng)新發(fā)展，取得顯著成效，走出了一條中國特色生物多樣性保護(hù)之路。
China’s land and sea territories are both vast; its complex terrain and diverse climate gave birth to unique ecosystems, abundant species, and rich genetic variety. As one of the most biodiverse countries in the world, China has a profound understanding of biodiversity, as manifest in traditional Chinese culture and these aphorisms: “Man is an integral part of nature”; “Dao follows the laws of nature”; and “All beings are equal”. China, as one of the first countries to sign and approve the Convention on Biological Diversity, has always attached great importance to biodiversity conservation and preserves biodiversity with creative and up-to-date measures, achieving substantial progress on a distinctively Chinese path of conservation.

中共十八大以來，在習(xí)近平生態(tài)文明思想引領(lǐng)下，中國堅持生態(tài)優(yōu)先、綠色發(fā)展，生態(tài)環(huán)境保護(hù)法律體系日臻完善、監(jiān)管機制不斷加強、基礎(chǔ)能力大幅提升，生物多樣性治理新格局基本形成，生物多樣性保護(hù)進(jìn)入新的歷史時期。當(dāng)前，全球物種滅絕速度不斷加快，生物多樣性喪失和生態(tài)系統(tǒng)退化對人類生存和發(fā)展構(gòu)成重大風(fēng)險。2020年9月30日，習(xí)近平主席在聯(lián)合國生物多樣性峰會上指出，要站在對人類文明負(fù)責(zé)的高度，探索人與自然和諧共生之路，凝聚全球治理合力，提升全球環(huán)境治理水平。中國將秉持人類命運共同體理念，繼續(xù)為全球環(huán)境治理貢獻(xiàn)力量。
Since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China (CPC) in 2012, China has been prioritizing eco-environmental progress and pursuing green development under the guidance of Xi Jinping thought on eco-civilization. A new pattern of biodiversity conservation has largely taken shape, with improvements to the legal system, supervision mechanisms and governing capacity for eco-conservation, marking the beginning of a new era for biodiversity conservation in China. Currently, as species worldwide are becoming extinct at an alarming rate, biodiversity loss and ecosystem degradation pose a major risk to human survival and development. On September 30, 2020, at the United Nations Summit on Biodiversity, Chinese President Xi Jinping pointed out that the whole of humanity needs to take on its pressing responsibilities, find a way for human and nature to coexist in harmony, and build synergy for and enhance global governance on the environment. Guided by the vision of building a global community of shared future, China will continue to contribute its part to global environmental governance.

為介紹中國生物多樣性保護(hù)理念和實踐，增進(jìn)國際社會對中國生物多樣性保護(hù)的了解，特發(fā)布本白皮書。
The Chinese government is publishing this white paper to present China’s ideas, plans and actions on biodiversity conservation, and share its progress with the international community.

一、秉持人與自然和諧共生理念
I. Harmony Between Humanity and Nature

中國生物多樣性保護(hù)以建設(shè)美麗中國為目標(biāo)，積極適應(yīng)新形勢新要求，不斷加強和創(chuàng)新生物多樣性保護(hù)舉措，持續(xù)完善生物多樣性保護(hù)體制，努力促進(jìn)人與自然、人與人、人與社會和諧共生、良性循環(huán)、全面發(fā)展、持續(xù)繁榮。
To realize the Beautiful China initiative under a new situation, China is improving the measures for biodiversity conservation and creating new frameworks for this purpose. In its pursuit of harmony between humanity and nature, between individuals, and between the individual and society, China endeavors to create a virtuous circle for all-round development and prolonged prosperity for all.

面對全球生物多樣性喪失和生態(tài)系統(tǒng)退化，中國秉持人與自然和諧共生理念，堅持保護(hù)優(yōu)先、綠色發(fā)展，形成了政府主導(dǎo)、全民參與，多邊治理、合作共贏的機制，推動中國生物多樣性保護(hù)不斷取得新成效，為應(yīng)對全球生物多樣性挑戰(zhàn)作出新貢獻(xiàn)。
In addressing biodiversity loss and ecosystem degradation, China upholds the philosophy of harmonious coexistence between humanity and nature, prioritizing biodiversity conservation and seeking green development. It has established conservation mechanisms led by the government and featuring multilateral governance and win-win cooperation, in which all citizens participate. This way, China keeps making progress and contributing to efforts in global biodiversity conservation.

——堅持尊重自然、保護(hù)優(yōu)先。牢固樹立尊重自然、順應(yīng)自然、保護(hù)自然的理念，在社會發(fā)展中優(yōu)先考慮生物多樣性保護(hù)，以生態(tài)本底和自然稟賦為基礎(chǔ)，科學(xué)配置自然和人工保護(hù)修復(fù)措施，對重要生態(tài)系統(tǒng)、生物物種及遺傳資源實施有效保護(hù)，保障生態(tài)安全和生物安全。
– Respecting nature and prioritizing biodiversity conservation. China follows the principles of respecting and protecting nature and obeying nature’s laws, and prioritizes biodiversity conservation in social development. Given its eco-environment and natural resources, China has balanced its natural and artificial measures for the conservation and restoration of important ecosystems, species and genetic resources, to ensure ecological security and biological security.

——堅持綠色發(fā)展、持續(xù)利用。踐行“綠水青山就是金山銀山”理念，將生物多樣性作為可持續(xù)發(fā)展的基礎(chǔ)、目標(biāo)和手段，科學(xué)、合理和可持續(xù)利用生物資源，給自然生態(tài)留下休養(yǎng)生息的時間和空間，推動生產(chǎn)和生活方式的綠色轉(zhuǎn)型和升級，從保護(hù)自然中尋找發(fā)展機遇，實現(xiàn)生物多樣性保護(hù)和經(jīng)濟高質(zhì)量發(fā)展雙贏。
– Seeking green development and sustainable utilization of bio-resources. China cherishes the principle that lucid waters and lush mountains are invaluable assets, and sees biodiversity as the foundation, objective and means of sustainable development. It has endeavored to promote the efficient and sustainable utilization of bio-resources, to allow nature to restore itself. It promotes green ways of life and work, and seeks development opportunities while preserving nature, to achieve win-win results in both biodiversity conservation and high-quality development.

——堅持制度先行、統(tǒng)籌推進(jìn)。不斷強化生物多樣性保護(hù)國家戰(zhàn)略地位，長遠(yuǎn)謀劃頂層設(shè)計，分級落實主體責(zé)任，建立健全政府主導(dǎo)、企業(yè)行動和公眾參與的生物多樣性保護(hù)長效機制。強化中國生物多樣性保護(hù)國家委員會統(tǒng)籌協(xié)調(diào)作用，持續(xù)完善生物多樣性保護(hù)、可持續(xù)利用和惠益分享相關(guān)法律法規(guī)和政策制度，構(gòu)建生物多樣性保護(hù)和治理新格局。
– Enhancing institutional guarantee and coordinating actions for biodiversity conservation. China has strengthened biodiversity conservation as a national strategy through long-range planning and top-level design, specifying the primary responsibilities at all levels, and improving long-term conservation mechanisms led by the government and facilitated by enterprises with public participation. The China National Committee for Biodiversity Conservation (CNCBC) has taken on a stronger coordinating role. Constant efforts have been made to improve laws, regulations and policies concerning biodiversity conservation, sustainable utilization of bio-resources, and fair and equitable sharing of benefits. All the above efforts are aimed at building a new model for biodiversity conservation and governance.

——堅持多邊主義、合作共贏。加強生物多樣性保護(hù)，促進(jìn)人與自然和諧共生，已成為國際交流對話的重要內(nèi)容。中國堅定支持生物多樣性多邊治理體系，切實履行《生物多樣性公約》及其他相關(guān)環(huán)境條約義務(wù)，積極承擔(dān)與發(fā)展水平相稱的國際責(zé)任，向其他發(fā)展中國家提供力所能及的援助，不斷深化生物多樣性領(lǐng)域交流合作，攜手應(yīng)對全球生物多樣性挑戰(zhàn)，為實現(xiàn)人與自然和諧共生美好愿景發(fā)揮更大作用。
– Upholding multilateralism and win-win cooperation. Living in harmony with nature through greater efforts on biodiversity conservation becomes an important topic for international exchanges and dialogue. China firmly supports a multilateral biodiversity governance system, fulfills its obligations prescribed in the Convention on Biological Diversity and other environmental treaties, and takes on international responsibilities commensurate to its development stage. China has been providing assistance within its ability to other developing countries, and strengthening exchanges and cooperation on biodiversity to jointly meet global challenges. It endeavors to play a greater role in realizing the vision of harmony between humanity and nature.

二、提高生物多樣性保護(hù)成效
II. Increasing the Efficiency of Biodiversity Conservation

中國堅持在發(fā)展中保護(hù)、在保護(hù)中發(fā)展，提出并實施國家公園體制建設(shè)和生態(tài)保護(hù)紅線劃定等重要舉措，不斷強化就地與遷地保護(hù)，加強生物安全管理，持續(xù)改善生態(tài)環(huán)境質(zhì)量，協(xié)同推進(jìn)生物多樣性保護(hù)與綠色發(fā)展，生物多樣性保護(hù)取得顯著成效。
China advances biodiversity conservation and development in parallel. It has proposed and implemented measures such as building the national parks system and setting ecological conservation red lines (ECRLs), strengthened in-situ and ex-situ conservation, reinforced biological security management, improved the eco-environment, and coordinated the conservation of biodiversity with green development, thereby making significant gains in protecting biodiversity.

（一）優(yōu)化就地保護(hù)體系
1. Optimizing In-situ Conservation

中國不斷推進(jìn)自然保護(hù)地建設(shè)，啟動國家公園體制試點，構(gòu)建以國家公園為主體的自然保護(hù)地體系，率先在國際上提出和實施生態(tài)保護(hù)紅線制度，明確了生物多樣性保護(hù)優(yōu)先區(qū)域，保護(hù)了重要自然生態(tài)系統(tǒng)和生物資源，在維護(hù)重要物種棲息地方面發(fā)揮了積極作用。
China is setting up protected areas (PAs) and opening national parks on a trial basis, to create a PA framework with a focus on national parks. It was the first in the world to propose and implement the red line strategy for ecological conservation, and has designated priority areas in biodiversity conservation. These measures have contributed to the conservation of key natural ecosystems, biological resources, and habitats for key species.

構(gòu)建以國家公園為主體的自然保護(hù)地體系。自1956年建立第一個自然保護(hù)區(qū)以來，截至目前，中國已建立各級各類自然保護(hù)地近萬處，約占陸域國土面積的18%。近年來，中國積極推動建立以國家公園為主體、自然保護(hù)區(qū)為基礎(chǔ)、各類自然公園為補充的自然保護(hù)地體系，為保護(hù)棲息地、改善生態(tài)環(huán)境質(zhì)量和維護(hù)國家生態(tài)安全奠定基礎(chǔ)。2015年以來，先后啟動三江源等10處國家公園體制試點，整合相關(guān)自然保護(hù)地劃入國家公園范圍，實行統(tǒng)一管理、整體保護(hù)和系統(tǒng)修復(fù)。通過構(gòu)建科學(xué)合理的自然保護(hù)地體系，90%的陸地生態(tài)系統(tǒng)類型和71%的國家重點保護(hù)野生動植物物種得到有效保護(hù)。野生動物棲息地空間不斷拓展，種群數(shù)量不斷增加。大熊貓野外種群數(shù)量40年間從1114只增加到1864只，朱鹮由發(fā)現(xiàn)之初的7只增長至目前野外種群和人工繁育種群總數(shù)超過5000只，亞洲象野外種群數(shù)量從上世紀(jì)80年代的180頭增加到目前的300頭左右，海南長臂猿野外種群數(shù)量從40年前的僅存兩群不足10只增長到五群35只。
Developing a PA system with a focus on national parks. Since 1956 when the first nature reserve was set up, China has established close to 10,000 PAs of all types and at all levels, accounting for about 18 percent of its total land area. In recent years, it has built a PA system with national parks as the mainstay, supported by nature reserves and supplemented by nature parks, laying the foundation for protecting natural habitats, improving the eco-environment, and protecting ecological security in the country. Since 2015, it has launched on a trial basis 10 national parks, including one at Sanjiangyuan, the cradle of the Yangtze, Yellow and Lancang rivers. The relevant PAs have been integrated into these national parks under unified management, comprehensive protection and systematic restoration.

The well-planned PA system has brought 90 percent of terrestrial ecosystem types and 71 percent of key state-protected wildlife species under effective protection. The habitats for wild animals have been expanding and their populations are growing. The population of giant pandas in the wild has grown from 1,114 to 1,864 over the past four decades. The crested ibis population has increased from only 7 to over 5,000, with both wild species and artificial breeds counted. The Asian elephant population in the wild has grown from 180 in the 1980s to about 300 at present. The wild population of Hainan Gibbon has increased from no more than 10 in two groups 40 years ago to 35 in 5 groups.

劃定并嚴(yán)守生態(tài)保護(hù)紅線。生態(tài)保護(hù)紅線是中國國土空間規(guī)劃和生態(tài)環(huán)境體制機制改革的重要制度創(chuàng)新。中國創(chuàng)新生態(tài)空間保護(hù)模式，將具有生物多樣性維護(hù)等生態(tài)功能極重要區(qū)域和生態(tài)極脆弱區(qū)域劃入生態(tài)保護(hù)紅線，進(jìn)行嚴(yán)格保護(hù)。初步劃定的生態(tài)保護(hù)紅線，集中分布于青藏高原、天山山脈、內(nèi)蒙古高原、大小興安嶺、秦嶺、南嶺，以及黃河流域、長江流域、海岸帶等重要生態(tài)安全屏障和區(qū)域。生態(tài)保護(hù)紅線涵蓋森林、草原、荒漠、濕地、紅樹林、珊瑚礁及海草床等重要生態(tài)系統(tǒng)，覆蓋全國生物多樣性分布的關(guān)鍵區(qū)域，保護(hù)絕大多數(shù)珍稀瀕危物種及其棲息地。中國“劃定生態(tài)保護(hù)紅線，減緩和適應(yīng)氣候變化”行動倡議，入選聯(lián)合國“基于自然的解決方案”全球15個精品案例。生態(tài)保護(hù)紅線的劃定與生物多樣性保護(hù)具有高度的戰(zhàn)略契合性、目標(biāo)協(xié)同性和空間一致性，將有效提升生態(tài)系統(tǒng)服務(wù)功能，維護(hù)國家生態(tài)安全及經(jīng)濟社會可持續(xù)發(fā)展所必需的最基本生態(tài)空間。
Setting and applying red lines for ecological conservation. Setting ECRLs is an important institutional innovation in China’s land use planning and eco-environmental reform. China employs this innovative model to bring essential ecological functional areas for biodiversity conservation and the most ecologically fragile regions under the ECRLs and apply stringent conservation measures to them. The areas initially defined under the initiative are mainly distributed across China’s ecological security barriers and areas such as the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, Tianshan Mountains, Inner Mongolian Plateau, Greater and Lesser Xing’an Mountains, Qinling Mountains, Nanling Mountains, Yellow River Basin, Yangtze River Basin, and coastal zones. At present, they cover various important ecosystems such as forests, grasslands, deserts, wetlands, mangrove forests, coral reefs and sea grass beds across key regions of biodiversity all over the country, bringing most rare and endangered species and their habitats under protection.

China’s proposal – Drawing a “Red Line” for Ecological Protection to Mitigate and Adapt to Climate Change – has been selected by the UN as one of the 15 best Nature-based Solutions around the globe. Drawing ECRLs and biodiversity protection are strategies for the same goals in the same areas. Setting red lines will effectively improve the function of ecosystems and maintain the basic ecological space necessary for national ecological security and sustainable economic and social development.

確定中國生物多樣性保護(hù)優(yōu)先區(qū)域。中國打破行政區(qū)域界線，連通現(xiàn)有自然保護(hù)地，充分考慮重要生物地理單元和生態(tài)系統(tǒng)類型的完整性，劃定35個生物多樣性保護(hù)優(yōu)先區(qū)域。其中，32個陸域優(yōu)先區(qū)域總面積276.3萬平方公里，約占陸地國土面積的28.8%，對于有效保護(hù)重要生態(tài)系統(tǒng)、物種及其棲息地具有重要意義。
Designating priority areas for biodiversity protection. China is connecting the current PAs across different administrative regions. Giving full consideration to key biogeographical components and different types of ecosystems, it has designated 35 priority areas for biodiversity protection. Among these, 32 terrestrial priority areas cover a total of 2.76 million sq km and make up about 28.8 percent of the total land area. They are valuable in effectively protecting key ecosystems, species and their habitats.

（二）完善遷地保護(hù)體系
2. Improving Ex-situ Conservation

中國持續(xù)加大遷地保護(hù)力度，系統(tǒng)實施瀕危物種拯救工程，生物遺傳資源的收集保存水平顯著提高，遷地保護(hù)體系日趨完善，成為就地保護(hù)的有效補充，多種瀕危野生動植物得到保護(hù)和恢復(fù)。
China continues to step up ex-situ conservation, and launches systematic campaigns to save endangered species. More biological genetic resources are collected and better preserved, and the ex-situ conservation system is improving as an effective complement to in-situ conservation, helping to protect and restore many species of endangered wildlife.

逐步完善遷地保護(hù)體系。建立了植物園、野生動物救護(hù)繁育基地以及種質(zhì)資源庫、基因庫等較為完備的遷地保護(hù)體系。截至目前，建立植物園（樹木園）近200個，保存植物2.3萬余種；建立250處野生動物救護(hù)繁育基地，60多種珍稀瀕危野生動物人工繁殖成功。
Gradually improving the ex-situ conservation system. China has set up a relatively complete ex-situ conservation system including botanical gardens, wildlife rehabilitation and breeding centers, germplasm resource centers, and gene banks. To date, China has built a total of about 200 botanical gardens and arboretums exhibiting 23,000 species of plants, and 250 wildlife rehabilitation and breeding centers where over 60 types of rare and endangered wild animal are successfully bred.

加快重要生物遺傳資源收集保存和利用。中國高度重視生物資源保護(hù)，近年來在生物資源調(diào)查、收集、保存等方面取得較大進(jìn)展。實施戰(zhàn)略生物資源計劃專項，完善生物資源收集收藏平臺，建立種質(zhì)資源創(chuàng)新平臺、遺傳資源衍生庫和天然化合物轉(zhuǎn)化平臺，持續(xù)加強野生生物資源保護(hù)和利用。實施一批種質(zhì)資源保護(hù)和育種創(chuàng)新項目，截至2020年底，形成了以國家作物種質(zhì)長期庫及其復(fù)份庫為核心、10座中期庫與43個種質(zhì)圃為支撐的國家作物種質(zhì)資源保護(hù)體系，建立了199個國家級畜禽遺傳資源保種場（區(qū)、庫），為90%以上的國家級畜禽遺傳資源保護(hù)名錄品種建立了國家級保種單位，長期保存作物種質(zhì)資源52萬余份、畜禽遺傳資源96萬份。建設(shè)99個國家級林木種質(zhì)資源保存庫，以及新疆、山東2個國家級林草種質(zhì)資源設(shè)施保存庫國家分庫，保存林木種質(zhì)資源4.7萬份。建設(shè)31個藥用植物種質(zhì)資源保存圃和2個種質(zhì)資源庫，保存種子種苗1.2萬多份。
Accelerating the collection, preservation and use of key genetic resources. China attaches great importance to protecting biological resources, and has made considerable progress in the research on biological resources and their collection and preservation in recent years. To steadily increase protection and use of wildlife resources, China has rolled out special plans for strategic biological resources, which have helped to improve bio-resource collection and preservation platforms, and create platforms for germplasm resource innovation and natural compound transformation as well as libraries for derivatives of genetic resources. It has launched a batch of projects for germplasm resource protection and breeding. By the end of 2020, China had put in place a national crop genetics protection system with the national long-term germplasm banks and their duplicates as the core, supported by 10 medium-term banks and 43 germplasm fields. It had built 199 state-level livestock and poultry germplasm resource preservation fields (areas, storehouses), preparing state-level sites for the conservation of germplasms of over 90 percent of breeds under the National Catalogue of Livestock and Poultry Genetic Resources. There are over 520,000 copies of crop germplasm resources and 960,000 copies of livestock and poultry genetic resources in long-term storage. China has established 99 state-level germplasm resource banks for trees, and two state-level germplasm resource sub-centers for trees and grass in Xinjiang and Shandong, preserving 47,000 copies of germplasm resources for trees. It has also built 31 germplasm preservation fields and two germplasm resource centers for medicinal plants, preserving over 12,000 copies of seeds and seedlings.

系統(tǒng)實施瀕危物種拯救工程。中國實施瀕危物種拯救工程，對部分珍稀瀕危野生動物進(jìn)行搶救性保護(hù)，通過人工繁育擴大種群，并最終實現(xiàn)放歸自然。人工繁育大熊貓數(shù)量呈快速優(yōu)質(zhì)增長，大熊貓受威脅程度等級從“瀕危”降為“易危”，實現(xiàn)野外放歸并成功融入野生種群。曾經(jīng)野外消失的麋鹿在北京南海子、江蘇大豐、湖北石首分別建立了三大保護(hù)種群，總數(shù)已突破8000只。此外，中國還針對德保蘇鐵、華蓋木、百山祖冷杉等120種極小種群野生植物開展搶救性保護(hù)，112種我國特有的珍稀瀕危野生植物實現(xiàn)野外回歸。
Launching well-planned campaigns to save endangered species. China has launched campaigns to rescue rare and endangered wildlife, expand their population through artificial breeding, and reintroduce them to natural habitats in a phased manner. The captive population of breeding pandas has grown in numbers and quality. They have been downgraded from “endangered” to “vulnerable” on the list of species at risk of extinction, and some have been released into natural habitats to integrate into the wild population. Elks, once nowhere to be found in the wild, have grown to 8,000 in number thanks to the three conservation bases in Nanhaizi of Beijing, Dafeng of Jiangsu, and Shishou of Hubei. Emergency measures have also been taken to save and protect 120 plant species with extremely small populations such as the Cycas debaoensis, Manglietiastrum sinicum and Abies beshanzuensis, and to restore to their natural habitats 112 species of rare and endangered wild plants native to China.

（三）加強生物安全管理
3. Improving Biosecurity Governance

中國高度重視生物安全，把生物安全納入國家安全體系，頒布實施生物安全法，系統(tǒng)規(guī)劃國家生物安全風(fēng)險防控和治理體系建設(shè)。外來物種入侵防控機制逐漸完善，生物技術(shù)健康發(fā)展，生物遺傳資源保護(hù)和監(jiān)管力度不斷增強，國家生物安全管理能力持續(xù)提高。
China attaches great importance to biosecurity, and has included it in the national security system. The Biosecurity Law was promulgated and came into force in 2021. There is systematic planning for biosecurity risk control and governance. Efforts have been made to improve the mechanism for preventing the invasion of alien species, promote the sound development of biotechnologies, and strengthen the protection, supervision and regulation of biogenetic resources. The aim is to constantly improve national biosecurity governance.

嚴(yán)密防控外來物種入侵。持續(xù)加強對外來物種入侵的防范和應(yīng)對，完善外來入侵物種防控制度，建立外來入侵物種防控部際協(xié)調(diào)機制，推動聯(lián)防聯(lián)控。陸續(xù)發(fā)布4批《中國自然生態(tài)系統(tǒng)外來入侵物種名單》，制定《國家重點管理外來入侵物種名錄》，共計公布83種外來入侵物種。啟動外來入侵物種普查，開展外來入侵物種監(jiān)測預(yù)警、防控滅除和監(jiān)督管理。加強外來物種口岸防控，嚴(yán)防境外動植物疫情疫病和外來物種傳入，筑牢口岸檢疫防線。
Preventing the invasion of alien species. China has made greater efforts to guard against and respond to the invasion of alien species. It has improved the collective response to invasive alien species by putting in place inter-ministerial coordination mechanisms. China issued the List of Invasive Alien Species in China in four groups in 2003, 2010, 2014 and 2016 respectively, and the List of Key Invasive Alien Species under State Supervision in 2012, covering a total of 83 invasive species detected in the country. China has brought invasive alien species under survey, monitoring, early warning, control and extermination. Stronger port quarantine measures have helped to prevent the entry of invasive alien species and reduce the risk of wildlife epidemics.

完善轉(zhuǎn)基因生物安全管理。嚴(yán)格規(guī)范生物技術(shù)及其產(chǎn)品的安全管理，積極推動生物技術(shù)有序健康發(fā)展。先后頒布實施《農(nóng)業(yè)轉(zhuǎn)基因生物安全管理條例》《農(nóng)業(yè)轉(zhuǎn)基因生物安全評價管理辦法》《生物技術(shù)研究開發(fā)安全管理辦法》《進(jìn)出境轉(zhuǎn)基因產(chǎn)品檢驗檢疫管理辦法》等法律法規(guī)。開展轉(zhuǎn)基因生物安全檢測與評價，防范轉(zhuǎn)基因生物環(huán)境釋放可能對生物多樣性保護(hù)及可持續(xù)利用產(chǎn)生的不利影響。發(fā)布轉(zhuǎn)基因生物安全評價、檢測及監(jiān)管技術(shù)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)200余項，轉(zhuǎn)基因生物安全管理體系逐漸完善。
Improving safety administration of genetically modified organisms (GMOs). China has tightened the regulation of biotechnologies and bio-products, and promoted the sound and orderly development of biotechnologies. A succession of laws and regulations have been promulgated, including Regulations on the Safety Administration of Genetically Modified Organisms in Agriculture (2001), Measures for the Safety Assessment and Administration of Genetically Modified Organisms in Agriculture (2002), Measures for the Safety Administration of Biotechnology Research and Development (2017), and Measures for the Administration of Inspection and Quarantine of Inbound and Outbound Genetically Modified Products (2004). Safety testing and assessment of GMOs has been conducted to prevent any potential negative impact on biodiversity conservation and on the sustainable utilization of bio-resources resulting from the release of GMOs into the environment. With the issuance of over 200 technical norms on the safety testing, assessment, supervision and regulation of GMOs, a national system of GMO safety administration is being completed in steps.

強化生物遺傳資源監(jiān)管。加強對生物遺傳資源保護(hù)、獲取、利用和惠益分享的管理和監(jiān)督，保障生物遺傳資源安全。開展重要生物遺傳資源調(diào)查和保護(hù)成效評估，查明生物遺傳資源本底，查清重要生物遺傳資源分布、保護(hù)及利用現(xiàn)狀。組織開展第四次全國中藥資源普查，獲得1.3萬多種中藥資源的種類和分布等信息，其中3150種為中國特有種。正在開展的第三次全國農(nóng)作物種質(zhì)資源普查與收集行動，已收集作物種質(zhì)資源9.2萬份，其中90%以上為新發(fā)現(xiàn)資源。2021年啟動的第三次全國畜禽遺傳資源普查，已完成新發(fā)現(xiàn)的8個畜禽遺傳資源初步鑒定工作。組織開展第一次全國林草種質(zhì)資源普查，已完成秦嶺地區(qū)調(diào)查試點工作。近10年來，中國平均每年發(fā)現(xiàn)植物新種約200種，占全球植物年增新種數(shù)的十分之一。加快推進(jìn)生物遺傳資源獲取與惠益分享相關(guān)立法進(jìn)程，持續(xù)強化生物遺傳資源保護(hù)和監(jiān)管，防止生物遺傳資源流失和無序利用。
Strengthening the supervision of biogenetic resources. China has tightened management and oversight on the conservation, acquisition, utilization and benefit-sharing of biogenetic resources. China has conducted surveys on essential biogenetic resources and conservation performance evaluations, to identify the scale, distribution, conservation and utilization of these resources.

? China organized the fourth national survey on Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) resources in 2018, and pinpointed the genetic affiliation and distribution of over 13,000 varieties, including 3,150 varieties unique to China.

? China is conducting the third national survey on and collection of crop germplasm resources (2021-2023), with a total of 92,000 samples having been collected, more than 90 percent of which are newly identified varieties.

? China is conducting the third national survey on livestock and poultry genetic resources (2021-2023), and has completed the preliminary identification of 8 new species.

? China launched the first national survey on forest and grass germplasm resources in 2019, and has completed a pilot survey in the nature reserves along the Qinling Mountains.

In the past decade, China has identified about 200 new varieties of plants per annum, accounting for 10 percent of the global figure. China is accelerating legislation on accessing and sharing the benefits of biogenetic resources, strengthening their conservation, supervision and regulation, and preventing their loss or chaotic utilization.

（四）改善生態(tài)環(huán)境質(zhì)量
4. Improving the Eco-environment

加大生態(tài)保護(hù)修復(fù)力度，提升生態(tài)系統(tǒng)質(zhì)量和穩(wěn)定性，對維護(hù)國家生態(tài)安全具有基礎(chǔ)性、戰(zhàn)略性作用。中國實施系列生態(tài)保護(hù)修復(fù)工程，不斷加大生態(tài)修復(fù)力度，統(tǒng)籌推進(jìn)山水林田湖草沙冰一體化保護(hù)和系統(tǒng)治理，生態(tài)惡化趨勢基本得到遏制，自然生態(tài)系統(tǒng)總體穩(wěn)定向好，服務(wù)功能逐步增強；堅決打贏污染防治攻堅戰(zhàn)，極大緩解了生物多樣性保護(hù)壓力，生態(tài)環(huán)境質(zhì)量持續(xù)改善，國家生態(tài)安全屏障骨架基本構(gòu)筑。
Improving and stabilizing ecosystems plays a fundamental and strategic role in ensuring national ecological security. China has therefore intensified efforts in eco-environmental conservation and restoration, and launched a series of projects for the integrated conservation and restoration of mountains, rivers, forests, farmland, lakes, grasslands, deserts, glaciers and snow mountains. As a result, ecological deterioration has been contained, and ecosystems are generally stable, with a greater capacity to serve development. China has been fighting a tough battle against pollution; currently, the pressure on biodiversity conservation is greatly eased, the eco-environment keeps improving, and a framework of shields for ecological security has been largely completed.

實施系列生態(tài)保護(hù)修復(fù)工程。以恢復(fù)退化生態(tài)系統(tǒng)、增強生態(tài)系統(tǒng)穩(wěn)定性和提升生態(tài)系統(tǒng)質(zhì)量為目標(biāo)，持續(xù)開展多項生態(tài)保護(hù)修復(fù)工程，有效改善和恢復(fù)了重點區(qū)域野生動植物生境。穩(wěn)步實施天然林保護(hù)修復(fù)、京津風(fēng)沙源治理工程、石漠化綜合治理、三北防護(hù)林工程等重點防護(hù)林體系建設(shè)、退耕還林還草、退牧還草以及河湖與濕地保護(hù)修復(fù)、紅樹林與濱海濕地保護(hù)修復(fù)等一批重大生態(tài)保護(hù)與修復(fù)工程，實施25個山水林田湖草生態(tài)保護(hù)修復(fù)工程試點，啟動10個山水林田湖草沙一體化保護(hù)和修復(fù)工程。制定實施《全國重要生態(tài)系統(tǒng)保護(hù)和修復(fù)重大工程總體規(guī)劃（2021－2035年）》，確定了新時代“三區(qū)四帶”生態(tài)保護(hù)修復(fù)總體布局。中國森林面積和森林蓄積連續(xù)30年保持“雙增長”，成為全球森林資源增長最多的國家，荒漠化、沙化土地面積連續(xù)3個監(jiān)測期實現(xiàn)了“雙縮減”，草原綜合植被蓋度達(dá)到56.1%，草原生態(tài)狀況持續(xù)向好。2016－2020年期間，累計整治修復(fù)岸線1200公里，濱海濕地2.3萬公頃。2000－2017年全球新增的綠化面積中，約25%來自中國，貢獻(xiàn)比例居世界首位。
Implementing eco-environmental conservation and restoration projects. To restore degraded ecosystems, and improve and stabilize them, China has carried out multiple conservation and restoration projects, which have succeeded in improving and restoring wildlife habitats in key regions.

? China has implemented key ecosystem-related projects including conservation and restoration of natural forests, sandstorm source control in Beijing and Tianjin, stony desertification control, the Three-North (i.e., Northeast China, North China and Northwest China) Shelterbelt Forest Program and other key forest programs, programs turning marginal farmland into forests and grasslands, programs returning grazing lands to grasslands, conservation and restoration of lakes, rivers and inland wetlands, and conservation and restoration of mangrove forests and coastal wetlands.

? China has launched 25 pilot projects and 10 integrated projects for the conservation and restoration of mountains, rivers, forests, farmland, lakes, grasslands, and deserts.

? China has enacted the Master Plan on Major Projects for the Conservation and Restoration of National Key Ecosystems (2021-2035), specifying an overall conservation configuration for the new era composed of Three Eco-zones and Four Shelterbelts – Qinghai-Tibet Plateau Eco-zone, Yellow River Eco-zone, Yangtze River Eco-zone, Northeast Shelterbelt, North Shelterbelt, South Shelterbelt, and Coastal Shelterbelt.

Through the above actions, China has achieved the following:

? China’s forest coverage and forest reserve have both maintained growth for the last 30 years, and China has realized the largest growth in forest resources among all countries in the world.

? China’s desertification coverage and sandy desertification coverage have both decreased in three successive monitoring periods. Its steppe vegetation coverage rate has reached 56.1 percent and the steppe ecosystems have continued to improve.

? Between 2016 and 2020, China restored 1,200 km of coastline and 23,000 ha of coastal wetlands.

? Between 2000 and 2017, China contributed about 25 percent of global vegetation growth, the biggest share among all countries.

堅決打贏污染防治攻堅戰(zhàn)。良好的環(huán)境質(zhì)量是保護(hù)生物多樣性的基礎(chǔ)條件，也是生物多樣性保護(hù)的應(yīng)有之義。中國堅決向污染宣戰(zhàn)，打響藍(lán)天、碧水、凈土保衛(wèi)戰(zhàn)，污染防治力度不斷加大，取得顯著成效。2020年，全國細(xì)顆粒物（PM2.5）平均濃度為33微克/立方米，比2015年下降28.3%，優(yōu)良天數(shù)比例比2015年上升5.8個百分點；全國地表水國控斷面水質(zhì)優(yōu)良（Ⅰ～Ⅲ類）和喪失使用功能（劣Ⅴ類）水體比例分別為83.4%和0.6%，比2015年分別提高17.4個百分點和降低9.1個百分點；全國近岸海域優(yōu)良水質(zhì)（一、二類）面積比例為77.4%，較2015年上升9個百分點；全國受污染耕地安全利用率和污染地塊安全利用率均超過90%。生態(tài)環(huán)境質(zhì)量改善優(yōu)化了物種生境，恢復(fù)了各類生態(tài)系統(tǒng)功能，有效緩解了生物多樣性喪失壓力。
Tightening pollution control. Good environmental quality is both the foundation and goal of biodiversity conservation. China has announced a battle against pollution to improve air, water and soil quality. Through an increasing effort to combat pollution, China has achieved the following:

? In 2020, China’s average concentration of ambient particulate matters (PM2.5) was 33 μg/m3, down by 28.3 percent from 2015, and the percentage of days with good air quality rose by 5.8 percentage points from 2015.

? In 2020, the combined proportion of state-controlled water sections with good-quality surface water reaching Grades I, II and III was 83.4 percent, up by 17.4 percentage points from 2015; and that of water sections with bad quality surface water below Grade V was 0.6 percent, down by 9.1 percentage points from 2015.

? In 2020, the combined proportion of good quality offshore waters reaching Grades I and II was 77.4 percent in terms of area, up by 9 percentage points from 2015.

? In 2020, the safe utilization rate of contaminated arable land and that of contaminated land both exceeded 90 percent.

A better eco-environment has provided better wildlife habitats, which has helped restore the functions of varied ecosystems and greatly eased the pressure from biodiversity loss.

（五）協(xié)同推進(jìn)綠色發(fā)展
5. Promoting Green Development with Coordinated Efforts

在經(jīng)濟社會發(fā)展過程中，中國注重以自然承載力為基礎(chǔ)，加快轉(zhuǎn)變經(jīng)濟發(fā)展方式，倡導(dǎo)綠色低碳生活，協(xié)同推進(jìn)高水平生物多樣性保護(hù)和高質(zhì)量發(fā)展。
China endeavors to advance social and economic development within the carrying capacity of supporting ecosystems. Measures have been taken to transform the economic growth model, encourage green and low-carbon ways of life, and coordinate efforts in biodiversity conservation and high-quality development.

加快行業(yè)產(chǎn)業(yè)綠色轉(zhuǎn)型。貫徹新發(fā)展理念，堅持保護(hù)優(yōu)先、綠色發(fā)展，推動經(jīng)濟社會發(fā)展全面綠色轉(zhuǎn)型，促進(jìn)經(jīng)濟發(fā)展與生態(tài)環(huán)境保護(hù)相協(xié)調(diào)，減少對生物多樣性的壓力。加快建立健全綠色低碳循環(huán)發(fā)展經(jīng)濟體系，優(yōu)化產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)，提高資源利用效率和清潔生產(chǎn)水平，提升綠色產(chǎn)業(yè)比重，加快一二三產(chǎn)業(yè)和基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施綠色轉(zhuǎn)型和升級。鼓勵發(fā)展生態(tài)種植、生態(tài)養(yǎng)殖和可持續(xù)經(jīng)營，加強生物資源養(yǎng)護(hù)，制定可持續(xù)生產(chǎn)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)指南，加強綠色食品、有機農(nóng)產(chǎn)品、森林生態(tài)標(biāo)志產(chǎn)品、可持續(xù)水產(chǎn)品等綠色產(chǎn)品認(rèn)證，發(fā)揮科技創(chuàng)新作用，強化農(nóng)業(yè)、林業(yè)、漁業(yè)、畜牧業(yè)等領(lǐng)域的生物多樣性保護(hù)與可持續(xù)利用。實施特許獵捕證制度、采集證制度、馴養(yǎng)繁殖許可證制度等重點野生動植物利用管理制度，鼓勵保護(hù)和可持續(xù)利用優(yōu)良生物資源。
Accelerating the green transformation of all sectors and industries. Upholding the new development philosophy, China pursues green development with the priority given to eco-environmental conservation. Efforts have been made to promote the green transformation of all sectors and industries in social and economic development, to balance economic development with eco-environmental protection, and to reduce the pressure on biodiversity.

China is moving faster in building an economic structure that facilitates green, low-carbon and circular development, aiming to improve industrial structure, raise the efficiency of resource utilization, promote cleaner production, increase the proportion of green industries, and accelerate the green transformation and upgrading of primary, secondary and tertiary industries and their infrastructure.

China encourages eco-friendly planting and breeding industries and sustainable operations. It has formulated guidelines on sustainable production for better conservation of bio-resources. It has improved the certification of green products such as green food, organic farm produce, forest products with ecolabels, and sustainable aquaculture products. China is leveraging innovative technology in protecting biodiversity, and sustainably utilizing bio-resources in the fields of agriculture, forestry, fishery and animal husbandry.

China has put in place systems for the utilization and administration of key wildlife resources, such as hunting licenses, collecting permits, and domesticating and breeding certificates, and encourages conservation and sustainable utilization of premier bio-resources.

推進(jìn)城鄉(xiāng)建設(shè)綠色發(fā)展進(jìn)程。以生物多樣性保護(hù)為前提，積極探索生物多樣性保護(hù)與鄉(xiāng)村振興協(xié)同推進(jìn)，培育優(yōu)勢資源、發(fā)展生態(tài)產(chǎn)業(yè)，推動城市、鄉(xiāng)村綠色高質(zhì)量發(fā)展，建設(shè)人與自然和諧相處、共生共榮的美麗家園。在鄉(xiāng)村振興過程中充分考慮生態(tài)環(huán)境因素，以促進(jìn)農(nóng)村進(jìn)步、實現(xiàn)農(nóng)民富裕為目標(biāo)，持續(xù)加大生物資源的保護(hù)力度，助推可持續(xù)發(fā)展。持續(xù)開展國家生態(tài)文明建設(shè)示范區(qū)、國家環(huán)境保護(hù)模范城市、國家生態(tài)園林城市、國家園林城市等建設(shè)，著力推動城市生物多樣性保護(hù)，城市生態(tài)空間格局持續(xù)優(yōu)化，城市生態(tài)系統(tǒng)質(zhì)量穩(wěn)步提升，人民群眾的生態(tài)環(huán)境獲得感、幸福感和安全感不斷增強。倡導(dǎo)并培育綠色消費、綠色出行、綠色居住等綠色低碳生活方式，減少自然資源消耗。
Promoting green urban and rural development. China is coordinating its efforts in biodiversity conservation and rural revitalization, with the former as a precondition. It has endeavored to explore competitive resources, develop eco-friendly industries, promote green and high-quality development in both urban and rural areas, and build a beautiful homeland featuring harmonious coexistence of humanity and nature.

China takes into full account eco-environmental factors in the process of rural revitalization. With an aim to promote rural progress and improve farmers’ living standards, it has redoubled efforts in preserving bio-resources, as a means of facilitating sustainable development.

China is building national demonstration zones for eco-environmental progress, national model cities for environmental protection, national eco-park cities, and national park cities. The aim is to strengthen biodiversity conservation in urban areas, optimize the urban ecological spatial configuration, improve urban ecosystems, and enhance the people’s sense of gain, happiness and security from the eco-environment.

China has been encouraging green and low-carbon ways of life, such as green consumption, green travel and green housing, to reduce the consumption of natural resources.

探索生態(tài)產(chǎn)品價值實現(xiàn)路徑。貫徹落實“綠水青山就是金山銀山”的理念，推動生態(tài)產(chǎn)品價值實現(xiàn)和保值增值，培育經(jīng)濟高質(zhì)量發(fā)展新動能。建立健全生態(tài)產(chǎn)品價值實現(xiàn)機制，著力構(gòu)建“綠水青山”轉(zhuǎn)化為“金山銀山”的政策制度體系。在長江流域和三江源國家公園等開展生態(tài)產(chǎn)品價值實現(xiàn)機制試點，推進(jìn)“綠水青山就是金山銀山”實踐創(chuàng)新基地建設(shè)，探索政府主導(dǎo)、企業(yè)和社會各界參與、市場化運作、可持續(xù)的生態(tài)產(chǎn)品價值實現(xiàn)路徑，推動將自然生態(tài)優(yōu)勢轉(zhuǎn)化為經(jīng)濟社會高質(zhì)量發(fā)展優(yōu)勢，激發(fā)生物多樣性保護(hù)內(nèi)生動力。
Realizing the market value of green products. Practicing the concept that lucid waters and lush mountains are invaluable assets, China has worked to realize and increase the market value of green products, and seek new growth engines for high-quality development.

China has established a sound mechanism for realizing the market value of green products, and is working on a policy framework for turning “l(fā)ucid waters and lush mountains” into “invaluable assets”.

China has piloted mechanisms for the marketing of green products in the Yangtze River Basin and Sanjiangyuan National Park, and established bases for turning natural resources into economic gains. Efforts have been made to devise marketing strategies for green products, which are overseen by the government, adapted to commercialized operation, and support sustainable development, and in which enterprises and all sectors of society participate. The aim is to turn eco-environmental strengths into growth drivers for quality development and motivate the public to preserve biodiversity.