99e热国产最新地址获取,成人一a毛片免费视频,一级a爱看片免费观看,最近最新中文字幕大全免费一

English 中文網(wǎng) 漫畫(huà)網(wǎng) 愛(ài)新聞iNews 翻譯論壇
中國(guó)網(wǎng)站品牌欄目(頻道)
當(dāng)前位置: Language Tips> Audio & Video> 新聞播報(bào)> Special Speed News VOA慢速

How a corporation is like a person

[ 2010-03-08 14:00]     字號(hào) [] [] []  
免費(fèi)訂閱30天China Daily雙語(yǔ)新聞手機(jī)報(bào):移動(dòng)用戶(hù)編輯短信CD至106580009009

How a corporation is like a person

This is the VOA Special English Economics Report.

Recently the United States Supreme Court decided a big case about political speech. The question was this: With political speech, do corporations have the same rights as people?

By a vote of five to four, the conservative majority on the court decided yes. Companies, labor unions and other organizations may now spend as they wish on independent efforts to elect or defeat candidates.

The ruling is based on the idea in the United States and many other countries that a corporation is a legal person.

Historian Jeff Sklansky says a slow shift to personhood for American companies began with a Supreme Court ruling in 1819. It said states cannot interfere with private contracts creating corporations.

In the ruling, Chief Justice John Marshall described a corporation as an "artificial being" that is a "creature of the law."

The ruling was unpopular. It came as Americans resisted big corporations like the First Bank of the United States, chartered by Congress. Some states passed laws permitting themselves to change or even cancel corporate charters.

After the Civil War in the 1860s, the Fourteenth Amendment was added to the Constitution. It provides that no state may "deprive any person of life, liberty or property, without due process of law ... " If a corporation is legally a person, then states cannot limit corporate rights without due process of law either.

At first, corporations were not fully recognized as persons. But Jeff Sklansky at Oregon State University says that changed.

JEFF SKLANSKY: "The general direction of the Supreme Court and the federal courts in general was to recognize corporations as persons with the same Fourteenth Amendment rights as individuals."

Yet corporations have a right that real people do not: limited liability. For example, a corporation can face civil or criminal fines and individual lawbreakers can go to jail. But limited liability means the actions of a corporation are not the responsibility of its shareholders.

Jeff Sklansky says the 19th century development of limited liability helped shape the modern corporation.

JEFFREY SKLANSKY: "That is also crucial to allowing corporations a kind of independent personhood and separating ownership from control or ownership from management. So [the idea is] that I can invest in a corporation without becoming liable for all its debts. It's a really big deal. Without it, anything like the modern stock market, I'd say, is impossible."

And that's the VOA Special English Economics Report, written by Mario Ritter. Next week, more on corporations and the law. I'm Steve Ember.

Related stories:

'I am deeply sorry,' Toyota chief tells US Congress

With loan guarantees, Obama looks to nuclear energy for jobs

A rough road for Toyota

Obama seeks limits on banks, condemns campaign finance ruling

(來(lái)源:VOA 編輯:陳丹妮)

 
中國(guó)日?qǐng)?bào)網(wǎng)英語(yǔ)點(diǎn)津版權(quán)說(shuō)明:凡注明來(lái)源為“中國(guó)日?qǐng)?bào)網(wǎng)英語(yǔ)點(diǎn)津:XXX(署名)”的原創(chuàng)作品,除與中國(guó)日?qǐng)?bào)網(wǎng)簽署英語(yǔ)點(diǎn)津內(nèi)容授權(quán)協(xié)議的網(wǎng)站外,其他任何網(wǎng)站或單位未經(jīng)允許不得非法盜鏈、轉(zhuǎn)載和使用,違者必究。如需使用,請(qǐng)與010-84883631聯(lián)系;凡本網(wǎng)注明“來(lái)源:XXX(非英語(yǔ)點(diǎn)津)”的作品,均轉(zhuǎn)載自其它媒體,目的在于傳播更多信息,其他媒體如需轉(zhuǎn)載,請(qǐng)與稿件來(lái)源方聯(lián)系,如產(chǎn)生任何問(wèn)題與本網(wǎng)無(wú)關(guān);本網(wǎng)所發(fā)布的歌曲、電影片段,版權(quán)歸原作者所有,僅供學(xué)習(xí)與研究,如果侵權(quán),請(qǐng)?zhí)峁┌鏅?quán)證明,以便盡快刪除。
 

關(guān)注和訂閱

人氣排行

翻譯服務(wù)

中國(guó)日?qǐng)?bào)網(wǎng)翻譯工作室

我們提供:媒體、文化、財(cái)經(jīng)法律等專(zhuān)業(yè)領(lǐng)域的中英互譯服務(wù)
電話(huà):010-84883468
郵件:translate@chinadaily.com.cn