作者:王銀泉
與美國著名時事新聞雜志《時代》周刊每年年底評選出的年度風云人物(man of the year)異曲同工的是,美國方言學會(American Dialect Society)也會在歲末年初評選出其年度詞匯(word of the year),在其2008年1月4日舉行的2007年度大會上評選出來的年度詞匯是Subprime。請看以下新聞報道:
‘Subprime’ is linguists' word of year
By SOPHIA TAREEN, Associated Press Writer
Sat Jan 5, 7:56 AM ET
CHICAGO - Even the American Dialect Society knows how risky home mortgages are these days. The group of wordsmiths chose "subprime" as 2007's Word of the Year at its annual convention Friday.
"`Subprime' has been around with bankers for awhile, but now everyone is talking about `subprime,'" said Wayne Glowka, a spokesman for the group and a dean at Reinhardt College in Waleska, Ga. "It's affecting all kinds of people in all kinds of places."
從上文不難看出,Subprime表示的是高風險的家庭抵押貸款(risky home mortgages)。這是一個在當前辭典上尚未收錄的單詞,也是運用構詞原則創造出來的一個新單詞,讓人感覺有點怪怪的。美國方言學會的發言人Glowka說,“subprime”這個詞有些怪——至少在語言學家們看來是這樣(As for "subprime," Glowka said it is an odd word — at least as far as linguists are concerned.)根據外研社出版的《朗曼當代高級英語辭典》,從構詞法原理來說,sub這個前綴在這里表示的意思是“在重要性和級別方面次于……或低于……”(less important or powerful than someone or something, or of lower rank than someone)。美國方言學會也是這么解釋的:The prefix "sub" translates roughly to "below the standard," while "prime" means something close to "the best." So, according to Glowka, the word really means "far below the best."(前綴“sub-”的大致含義為“不達標”;而“prime”則表示“最好”。所以,兩部分意思合在一起其實應該是“遠沒達到最好”。)
Subprime最近在英語世界、尤其是美國英語中已成為熱門詞匯,光是在Yahoo News Only中搜索的新聞報道結果就顯示相關頁面多達3,294個,在GOOGLE搜索到的結果更是多達幾十萬個,其主要詞匯搭配是subprime mortgage(次級抵押貸款)。那么,什么是次級抵押貸款呢?其實說白了就是指風險很大的抵押貸款。要了解這個單詞,首先必須了解美國的房貸市場。對于購房者來說,除了少量手頭資金充裕者,大多數人是要通過貸款的,而這類貸款主要由兩種金融機構運作。對于信用記錄好,還貸能力健全的貸款者,他們的貸款通常由銀行來運作,他們可以享受優惠利率(prime rate),他們的貸款也就被稱之為prime mortgage。美國銀行大多不發行次級房貸,因此,對于信用不佳或者背負債務包袱的購房者,他們的貸款通常由專門的房貸公司運作,這種貸款就叫做“次級抵押貸款”。也就是說,次級抵押貸款是指一些貸款機構向信用程度較差和收入不高的借款人提供的貸款,也就是銀行或貸款機構提供給那些不具備資格享受優惠利率貸款的客戶的一種貸款。這種貸款的利率通常比一般抵押貸款高出兩個百分點到三個百分點。美國的次級抵押貸款大多是前幾年住房市場高度繁榮時貸出的。在住房市場降溫后,房價下跌和利率上升使很多次級抵押貸款市場的借款人無法按期償還借款,不少次級抵押貸款機構因此陷入嚴重財務困難,甚至破產,由此而來的結果就是“次級抵押貸款危機”(subprime mortgage crisis)。
如果光憑上述解釋,也許還不足于說明為何subprime這個最新創造出來的單詞會成為年度詞匯。那是因為美國最近出現的“次級抵押貸款危機”已經對本國經濟乃至全球經濟造成了極其嚴重的影響。2007年8月,由于投資者對美國次級抵押貸款市場乃至整個信貸市場擔憂加劇,美國、歐洲及拉美主要股市全線暴跌,創下了今年的第二大跌幅,亞太地區主要股市開盤后也是跌聲一片。在此之后,美國次級抵押貸款市場危機影響呈現擴大態勢,美歐以及亞洲金融市場出現較大波動。美、歐、日等主要發達經濟體貨幣當局向金融系統注入巨資,以應對風險。一場愈益嚴重的美國次級房貸危機正向全球金融市場深度蔓延,不僅包括法國、德國在內的一些歐洲國家受到傳染;亞太國家和地區包括中國大陸的一些銀行也未能幸免。這種情況不由得也讓語言學家十分敏感了。
既然subprime已經變得如此熱門,作為英語學習者,我們就有理由及時去多多了解它的相關用法,以便更好地學習英語,提高語言應用能力。在此,我們不妨看看從英語媒體里隨機選擇的一些最新相關新聞報道的標語和導語中subprime的使用以及相關搭配詞語,從原汁原味的英語中學習英語。
1.New York probes Wall St. banks over subprime data: report
Reuters via Yahoo! News - Jan 12 2:19 PM
New York prosecutors are investigating whether Wall Street banks withheld information about the risks stemming from subprime loan-linked investments, The New York Times reported on Saturday.
2.Cleveland Sues 21 Lenders Over Subprime Mortgages
NYTimes.com via Yahoo! Finance - Jan 12 1:39 PM
The city is suing 21 of the nation’s largest banks and financial institutions, accusing them of knowingly plunging it into a financial crisis.
3.Bank M&A heats up amid subprime fallout
AP via Yahoo! News - Jan 12 1:51 AM
The bank branch on the corner might be changing names — again. Get set for the next wave of consolidation that could sweep through the nation's banking industry this year. Chief executives at some of the top regional players might be mulling deals to salvage businesses pummeled by the subprime mortgage market's collapse.
4.Stocks open lower amid subprime concerns
AP via Yahoo! News - Jan 11 6:36 AM
Stocks slid in early trading Friday amid renewed fears that financial companies will suffer larger-than-expected writedowns from credit market troubles.
5.Subprime woes make a mess of student loans
CNNMoney.com via Yahoo! Finance - Jan 11 12:51 PM
Students relying on college loans will soon feel the pinch from the subprime mortgage crisis, according to a report by financial aid guide FinAid this week.
6.Stocks slide amid subprime woes
AP via Yahoo! News - Jan 11 9:32 AM
Stocks resumed their downward slide Friday amid renewed fears that the financial sector's troubles with bad credit won't soon end and that some consumers are buckling under signs of a slowing economy.
7.O'Melveny's $12 Million Cash Cow: New Century Subprime Lending Case
Law.com via Yahoo! Finance - Jan 11 12:02 AM
At O'Melveny & Myers, the white-collar lawyers representing bankrupt subprime lender New Century Financial Corp. had a busy -- and lucrative -- September. Faced with subpoenas from both the Justice Department and the SEC, the firm's government investigations team billed more than 4,000 hours that month.
8.Citi, Merrill look overseas to raise capital amid continued subprime losses
The Canadian Press via Yahoo! Canada News - Jan 10 2:49 PM
NEW YORK - Two of the biggest names on Wall Street are scrambling again to secure major cash infusions from foreign governments to offset billions of dollars in losses from risky subprime mortgage securities, analysts said on Thursday.
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王銀泉,南京農業大學外國語學院英語教授,碩士生導師,大學外語部主任。2007年4月由江蘇省省委常委集體討論入選為江蘇省"333高層次人才培養工程"首批中青年科學技術帶頭人。南京農業大學133人才培養工程英語學科學術帶頭人。南京農業大學大學英語教學改革總主持人。1996年獲國家留學基金首批資助。1997年10月至1998年10月留學加拿大渥太華大學并進修研究生核心課程。曾訪問英美。迄今為止已在《外語教學與研究》和《中國翻譯》等核心刊物上發表論文40余篇,其中CSSCI來源期刊文章13篇(依據2006年度CSSCI來源期刊)。主編教材1部,教輔圖書1部,參編詞典1部,在編專著2部。
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