三、核應急“一案三制”建設
III. All-round Promotion of Nuclear Emergency Preparedness

中國高度重視核應急的預案和法制、體制、機制（簡稱“一案三制”）建設，通過法律制度保障、體制機制保障，建立健全國家核應急組織管理體系。
China lays great store by the planning, and legislative/institutional/regulatory systems (known in Chinese as “One Planning plus Three Systems”) associated with nuclear emergency preparedness, and ensures the establishment and full functioning of a national nuclear emergency management system through the safeguards of legislation, institution and regulations.

加強全國核應急預案體系建設?！秶液藨鳖A案》是中央政府應對處置核事故預先制定的工作方案。《國家核應急預案》對核應急準備與響應的組織體系、核應急指揮與協調機制、核事故應急響應分級、核事故后恢復行動、應急準備與保障措施等作了全面規定。按照《國家核應急預案》要求，各級政府部門和核設施營運單位制定核應急預案，形成相互配套銜接的全國核應急預案體系。
Strengthening national nuclear emergency planning system building. The National Nuclear Emergency Plan is an action program pre-set by the central government to cope with nuclear accident scenarios. The National Nuclear Emergency Plan lays down a whole set of regulations on the organizational system, command and coordination mechanism, emergency response classification, post-accident restoration actions, and emergency preparation and safeguard measures related to nuclear emergency preparation and response actions. In line with the requirements of the National Nuclear Emergency Plan, governments at all levels and nuclear installation operators must draw up nuclear emergency plans fully in keeping with the National Nuclear Emergency Plan, so as to form a nationwide system of nuclear emergency planning.

加強核應急法制建設。中國基本形成國家法律、行政法規、部門規章、國家和行業標準、管理導則于一體的核應急法律法規標準體系。早在1993年8月就頒布實施《核電廠核事故應急管理條例》。進入本世紀以來，又先后頒布實施《中華人民共和國放射性污染防治法》《中華人民共和國突發事件應對法》，從法律層面對核應急作出規定和要求。2015年7月，新修訂的《中華人民共和國國家安全法》開始實施，進一步強調加強核事故應急體系和應急能力建設，防止、控制和消除核事故對公眾生命健康和生態環境的危害。與這些法律法規相配套，政府相關部門制定相應的部門規章和管理導則，相關機構和涉核行業制定技術標準。軍隊制定參加核電廠核事故應急救援條例等相關法規和規章制度。目前，正積極推進原子能法、核安全法立法進程。
Strengthening nuclear emergency legislative system building. China has put in place its own nuclear emergency legal framework, comprising state laws, administrative regulations, departmental rules, national and industrial standards, and management guidelines. As early as August 1993 China put into effect the Regulations on Emergency Management of Nuclear Accidents at Nuclear Power Plants. Since the beginning of this century China has, in succession, enacted the Law of the People's Republic of China on Prevention and Control of Radioactive Pollution and Emergency Response Law of the People's Republic of China, providing regulations and requirements from the legal perspective on nuclear emergency preparedness. In July 2015 the newly revised State Security Law of the People's Republic of China was promulgated, further reinforcing the nuclear accident emergency system and emergency response capacity building to prevent, control and eliminate damage to the life and health of the general public and ecological environment. In keeping with the foregoing laws and regulations, relevant departments of the government have worked out and put into effect their respective regulations and management guidelines, and relevant institutions and nuclear-related industries have drawn up applicable technical standards. The military also has drawn up relevant regulations, and established systems governing emergency rescue actions associated with nuclear emergency preparedness. Currently efforts are being made to push forward the legislative process associated with the Atomic Energy Law and Nuclear Safety Law.

加強核應急管理體制建設。中國核應急實行國家統一領導、綜合協調、分級負責、屬地管理為主的管理體制。全國核應急管理工作由中央政府指定部門牽頭負責。核設施所在地的?。▍^、市）人民政府指定部門負責本行政區域內的核應急管理工作。核設施營運單位及其上級主管部門（單位）負責場內核應急管理工作。必要時，由中央政府領導、組織、協調全國的核事故應急管理工作。
Strengthening nuclear emergency management system building. China implements a nuclear emergency management system featuring unified leadership at the national level, overall coordination, assignment of responsibilities to different levels and emphasis on localized administration. The nuclear emergency management is led and placed under the responsibility of the department designated by the central government. The governments of the province (autonomous region or centrally administered municipality) wherein nuclear installations are located are responsible for nuclear emergency management within their respective jurisdictions. The operator of the relevant nuclear installation and its senior competent authority (unit) shall be responsible for on-site emergency management. Wherever necessary, the central government will lead, organize and coordinate nuclear emergency management at the national level.

加強核應急機制建設。中國實行由一個部門牽頭、多個部門參與的核應急組織協調機制。在國家層面，設立國家核事故應急協調委員會，由政府和軍隊相關部門組成，主要職責是：貫徹國家核應急工作方針，擬定國家核應急工作政策，統一協調全國核事故應急，決策、組織、指揮應急支援響應行動。同時設立國家核事故應急辦公室，承擔國家核事故應急協調委員會日常工作。在省（區、市）層面，設立核應急協調機構。核設施營運單位設立核應急組織。國家和各相關?。▍^、市）以及核設施營運單位建立專家委員會或支撐機構，為核應急準備與響應提供決策咨詢和建議。
Strengthening nuclear emergency mechanism building. China implements a nuclear emergency organization and coordination mechanism featuring leadership by one department and participation by multiple departments. At the national level, a National Nuclear Accident Emergency Coordination Committee has been set up comprising relevant governmental and military departments with the following main responsibilities: implementing state nuclear emergency work guidelines, drawing up national policies for nuclear emergency management, uniformly coordinating emergency activities at the national level, and deciding, organizing and commanding emergency assistance response actions. A National Nuclear Emergency Office has also been set up to undertake the routine work of the National Nuclear Accident Emergency Coordination Committee. At the provincial (regional and municipal) levels, nuclear emergency coordination bodies have been established, and operators of nuclear installations have set up their respective nuclear emergency bodies. At the national and provincial (regional and municipal) levels and within the operators of the nuclear installations, committees of experts or the support organizations thereof have been established to provide advice and suggestions on nuclear emergency preparedness and response.

四、核應急能力建設與保持
IV. Building and Maintenance of Nuclear Emergency Capabilities

中國堅持積極兼容、資源整合、專業配套、軍民融合的思路，建設并保持與核能事業安全高效發展相適應的國家核應急能力，形成有效應對核事故的國家核應急能力體系。
Sticking to the guidelines of versatile compatibility, resource integration, interdisciplinary support, and integration of military and civilian capabilities, China builds and maintains national nuclear emergency capabilities commensurate with the safe and efficient development of nuclear energy, and forms a fully-fledged national system of nuclear emergency response capabilities.

國家建立全國統一的核應急能力體系，部署軍隊和地方兩個工作系統，區分國家級、省級、核設施營運單位級三個能力層次，推進核應急領域的各種力量建設。
At the national level, a unified nuclear emergency response capabilities system is in place to coordinate military and local systems whereby three distinct tiers of capabilities are maintained, viz. national, provincial and nuclear installation operator levels, with a view to pushing forward with the building of various capabilities related to nuclear emergency response.

建設國家核應急專業技術支持中心。建設輻射監測、輻射防護、航空監測、醫學救援、海洋輻射監測、氣象監測預報、輔助決策、響應行動等8類國家級核應急專業技術支持中心以及3個國家級核應急培訓基地，基本形成專業齊全、功能完備、支撐有效的核應急技術支持和培訓體系。
Building national nuclear emergency response professional technical support centers. China has built eight types of national-level nuclear emergency technical support centers, i.e., radiation monitoring, radiation prevention, aviation monitoring, medical rescue, marine radiation monitoring, meteorological monitoring and forecasting, decision-making aid, and response action, along with three national-level nuclear emergency response training bases, thereby essentially forming an integrated emergency technical support and training system featuring a full array of disciplines and functions, and effective support.

建設國家級核應急救援力量。經過多年努力，中國形成了規模適度、功能銜接、布局合理的核應急救援專業力量體系。適應核電站建設布局需要，按照區域部署、模塊設置、專業配套原則，組建30余支國家級專業救援分隊，承擔核事故應急處置各類專業救援任務。軍隊是國家級核應急救援力量的重要組成部分，擔負支援地方核事故應急的職責使命，近年來核應急力量建設成效顯著。為應對可能發生的嚴重核事故，依托現有能力基礎，中國將組建一支300余人的國家核應急救援隊，主要承擔復雜條件下重特大核事故突擊搶險和緊急處置任務，并參與國際核應急救援行動。
Building national-level nuclear emergency rescue forces. Through efforts over many years, China has already built a specialized nuclear emergency rescue capability system that is of a proper scale, well-coordinated and of a rational layout. To cater to the needs of layout for the construction of nuclear power stations, on the principle of regional deployment, modular set-up and disciplinary integration, over 30 national-level professional rescue teams have been formed to specifically take charge of various kinds of specialized rescue missions. The military constitutes an important part of the national-level nuclear emergency rescue force, and fulfills the mission of aiding local nuclear accident emergency response actions, and, as such, has scored brilliant achievements in building up its nuclear emergency response capabilities. To cope with possible severe nuclear accidents and on the basis of the available capabilities, China is to form a national nuclear emergency rescue team composed of over 300 people to be mainly responsible for undertaking unexpected rescue missions in serious nuclear accident scenarios and emergency treatment tasks, and stand ready to take part in international nuclear emergency rescue operations.

建設省級核應急力量。中國設立核電站的省（區、市）均建立了相應的核應急力量，包括核應急指揮中心、應急輻射監測網、醫學救治網、氣象監測網、洗消點、撤離道路、撤離人員安置點等，以及專業技術支持能力和救援分隊，基本滿足本區域核應急準備與響應需要。?。▍^、市）核應急指揮中心與本級行政區域內核設施實現互聯互通。
Building provincial-level nuclear emergency rescue forces. Nuclear emergency response forces have been established at the provincial (regional and municipal) levels in areas where nuclear power stations are sited, including nuclear emergency command centers, emergency radiation monitoring networks, medical treatment networks, meteorological monitoring networks, decontamination points, evacuation roads and shelters for evacuees, along with specialized technical support and rescue task forces, thereby basically meeting the nuclear emergency preparedness and response needs of the involved regions. Each provincial (regional and municipal) nuclear emergency command center is connected with the nuclear installation(s) within its jurisdiction.

建設核設施營運單位核應急力量。按照國家要求，參照國際標準，中國各核設施營運單位均建立相關的核應急設施及力量，包括應急指揮中心、應急通訊設施、應急監測和后果評價設施；配備應對處置緊急情況的應急電源等急需裝備、設備和儀器；組建輻射監測、事故控制、去污洗消等場內核應急救援隊伍。核設施營運單位所屬涉核集團之間建立核應急相互支援合作機制，形成核應急資源儲備和調配等支援能力，實現優勢互補、相互協調。
Building a nuclear emergency response force on the part of the operators of nuclear installations. In accordance with national requirements and following international standards, operators of nuclear installations in China have set up their own nuclear emergency response facilities and forces, including emergency command centers, emergency communication facilities, and emergency monitoring and consequence evaluation facilities. In addition, emergency facilities, equipment and instrumentation, such as emergency power supply, are in place. On-site rescue teams specializing in radiation monitoring, accident control, decontamination and cleansing have been established. Corporations controlling operators of the respective nuclear installations have set up a mutual support collaborative mechanism to form nuclear emergency response resource reserve and deployment assistance capabilities, thereby ensuring mutually complementary support and coordination.

按照積極兼容原則，圍繞各自職責，中國各級政府有關部門依據《國家核應急預案》明確的任務，分別建立并加強可服務保障核應急的能力體系。
In accordance with the principle of versatile compatibility and based on their respective duties and responsibilities, government departments at different levels in China have established and reinforced their respective capability systems to serve and safeguard nuclear emergency response activities commensurate with the tasks established under the National Nuclear Emergency Plan.

按照國家、相關?。▍^、市）和各核設施營運單位制定的核應急預案，在國家核應急體制機制框架下，各級各類核應急力量統一調配、聯動使用，共同承擔核事故應急處置任務。
In accordance with the nuclear emergency response plans worked out by the national and provincial (regional and municipal) authorities and the operators of nuclear installations and within the institutional framework of the national nuclear emergency response system, various levels and categories of nuclear emergency response forces ensure unified deployment and interactive mobilization to jointly undertake tasks associated with nuclear accident emergency situations.