五、核事故應對處置主要措施
V. Main Measures to Cope with Nuclear Accidents

中國參照國際先進標準，汲取國際成熟經驗，結合國情和核能發展實際，制定了控制、緩解、應對核事故的工作措施。
By referring the advanced international standards and drawing on worldwide mature experience, China has defined working measures to control, mitigate and cope with nuclear accidents commensurate with its national conditions and actual situation of nuclear energy development.

實施縱深防御。設置五道防線，前移核應急關口，多重屏障強化核電安全，防止事故與減輕事故后果。一是保證設計、制造、建造、運行等質量，預防偏離正常運行。二是嚴格執行運行規程，遵守運行技術規范，使機組運行在限定的安全區間以內，及時檢測和糾正偏差，對非正常運行加以控制，防止演變為事故。三是如果偏差未能及時糾正，發生設計基準事故時，自動啟用電廠安全系統和保護系統，組織應急運行，防止事故惡化。四是如果事故未能得到有效控制，啟動事故處理規程，實施事故管理策略，保證安全殼不被破壞，防止放射性物質外泄。五是在極端情況下，如果以上各道防線均告失效，立即進行場外應急響應行動，努力減輕事故對公眾和環境的影響。同時，設置多道實體屏障，確保層層設防，防止和控制放射性物質釋入環境。
Implementing the defense-in-depth concept. Five lines of defense have been set up under which the nuclear emergency preparedness threshold is moved ahead and multiple barriers are installed to strengthen nuclear safety, prevent accidents and mitigate the consequences of an accident. The five lines of defense are: First, the quality of design, manufacturing, construction and operation shall be assured to prevent deviation from normal operation; second, operation procedures and operation technical specifications shall be rigorously followed and observed to ensure that each nuclear generating unit is operated within the defined safety range, any deviations therefrom are detected and corrected in a timely manner, and any abnormal operation is controlled to prevent it from evolving into an accident; third, in case a deviation fails to be corrected in a timely manner, plant safety and protection systems shall be automatically activated upon occurrence of an accident within the design datum, and emergency operations shall be organized to prevent the situation deteriorating; fourth, in case an accident fails to be controlled effectively, accident handling procedures shall be activated with the accident management strategy enforced to ensure that the containment shall remain intact and no radioactive substances are released into the environment; and fifth, in the event of failure of the above-mentioned lines of defense, off-site emergency actions shall be immediately activated in an effort to minimize any impact from the accident on the public or the environment. Meanwhile, multiple physical barriers shall be set up to ensure that multiple lines of defense are in place to prevent and control release of radioactive substances into the environment.

實行分級響應。參照國際原子能機構核事故事件分級表，根據核事故性質、嚴重程度及輻射后果影響范圍，確定核事故級別。核應急狀態分為應急待命、廠房應急、場區應急、場外應急，分別對應Ⅳ級響應、Ⅲ級響應、Ⅱ級響應、Ⅰ級響應。前三級響應，主要針對場區范圍內的應急需要組織實施。當出現或可能出現向環境釋放大量放射性物質，事故后果超越場區邊界并可能嚴重危及公眾健康和環境安全時，進入場外應急，啟動Ⅰ級響應。
Exercising a tiered response scheme. The level of a nuclear accident shall be determined in accordance with the nature and seriousness of the accident and scope of effect from radiation, based on the International Nuclear and Radiological Event Scale (INES) guidelines of the International Atomic Energy Agency. The nuclear emergency preparedness condition is divided into Emergency Standby, Building Emergency, On-Site Emergency and Off-Site Emergency, which respectively correspond to Level IV response, Level III response, Level II response and Level I response. The first three levels of response mainly focus on the organization and implementation of emergency actions within the site. Off-Site Emergency shall be announced with its corresponding Level I response activated upon occurrence of release or possible release of a large quantity of radioactive substances into the environment in which accident consequences have crossed boundaries of the site, with the possibility of seriously jeopardizing public health and environmental safety.

部署響應行動。核事故發生后，各級核應急組織根據事故性質和嚴重程度，實施以下全部或部分響應行動。
Deploying actions of response. Every level of nuclear emergency organization shall implement the following response actions in whole or in part depending upon the nature and seriousness of the accident:

——迅速緩解控制事故。立即組織專業力量、裝備和物資等開展工程搶險，緩解并控制事故，努力使核設施恢復到安全狀態，防止或減少放射性物質向環境釋放。
― Mitigating and controlling the accident in a timely manner. A professional force, equipment and supplies shall be thrown into immediate engineering emergency measures to mitigate and control any accident in an attempt to bring the relevant nuclear installation back to a safe condition while preventing or minimizing the release of radioactive substances into the environment.

——開展輻射監測和后果評價。在事故現場和受影響地區開展放射性監測以及人員受照劑量監測等。實時開展氣象、水文、地質、地震等觀（監）測預報。開展事故工況診斷和釋放源項分析，研判事故發展趨勢，評價輻射后果，判定受影響區域范圍。
― Conducting radiation monitoring and consequence assessment. Radiation monitoring shall be conducted at the site of the accident and areas affected and doses possibly absorbed by personnel shall be measured. Observation/surveillance and forecast on meteorological, hydrological, geological and seismic impacts shall be provided on a real-time basis. The accident conditions shall be diagnosed and substances released shall be analyzed to determine the accident evolution trend, evaluate radiation consequences and define the areas affected.

——組織人員實施應急防護行動。當事故已經或可能導致碘放射性同位素釋放，由專業組織及時安排一定區域內公眾服用穩定碘，以減少甲狀腺的受照劑量。適時組織受輻射影響地區人員采取隱蔽、撤離、臨時避遷或永久遷出等應急防護措施，避免或減少受到輻射損傷。及時開展心理援助，撫慰社會公眾情緒，減輕社會恐慌。
― Organizing personnel to implement emergency protection actions. If radioactive isotope of iodine has already been released or may be released arising from an accident, a professional team shall organize the public within a given area to take stable iodine pills to minimize radiation exposure to the thyroid gland. The people in the affected area shall be duly organized to take emergency protection measures deemed necessary, including hiding, evacuating, seeking temporary shelter or permanently moving out in order to prevent or minimize injuries from radiation exposure. Psychological assistance shall be provided in a timely manner to minimize social anxiety and panic.

——實施去污洗消和醫療救治。由專業人員去除或降低人員、設備、場所、環境等放射性污染。組織核應急醫學救援力量實施醫學診斷、分類，開展醫療救治，包括現場緊急救治、地方醫院救治和后方專業救治等。
― Arranging decontamination and medical treatment. Professionals shall be dispatched to remove or minimize radioactive pollution affecting people, equipment, premises and the environment. A nuclear emergency preparedness medical rescue force shall be organized to perform medical diagnoses, case identification and medical treatment, including on-site first-aid treatment, local hospital treatment and backup professional treatment.

——控制出入通道和口岸。根據受事故影響區域具體情況，劃定警戒區，設定出入通道，嚴格控制各類人員、車輛、設備和物資出入。對出入境人員、交通工具、集裝箱、貨物、行李物品、郵包快件等實施放射性污染檢測與控制。
― Controlling access passages and ports. Zones shall be demarcated according to the areas affected and strict control shall be enforced over the passage of people, vehicles, equipment and supplies in and out of the designated passages. People, vehicles, cargo containers, goods, travelers' belongings and parcels moving in or out of the border checkpoints shall be screened for radiation detection and control.

——加強市場監管與調控。針對受事故影響地區市場供應及公眾心理狀況，及時進行重要生活必需品的市場監管和調控。禁止或限制受污染食品和飲用水的生產、加工、流通和食用，避免或減少放射性物質攝入。
― Strengthening market supervision and regulation. Necessities shall be subject to market supervision and regulation in a timely manner in line with the supply of market and the public psych in the areas affected. Manufacturing, processing, circulation and consumption of contaminated food and drinking water shall be banned or limited, so as to prevent or minimize the intake of radioactive substances.

——維護社會治安。嚴厲打擊借機傳播謠言、制造恐慌等違法犯罪行為。在群眾安置點、搶險救援物資存放點等重點地區，增設臨時警務站，加強治安巡邏。強化核事故現場等重要場所警戒保衛，根據需要做好周邊地區交通管制等工作。
― Maintaining social order. Illegal or criminal acts, such as spreading rumors to create panic, shall be dealt with rigorously. Additional makeshift police posts shall be established to reinforce security patrols in important locations such as settlement sites and storage places for rescue supplies. Security for important premises such as the site of the nuclear accident shall be enhanced, and traffic control in the surrounding areas shall be properly coordinated according to actual needs.

——發布權威準確信息。參照國際原子能機構做法，根據中國法律法規，由國家、省（區、市）和核設施營運單位適時向社會發布準確、權威信息，及時將核事故狀態、影響和社會公眾應注意的事項、需要個人進行防護的措施告知公眾，確保信息公開、透明。
― Releasing accurate official information. Accurate and official information shall be duly published to the public by the central, provincial (regional or municipal) governments and operators of nuclear installations in accordance with International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) practice, and the laws and regulations of China to ensure that information with respect to nuclear accident status, effects on the public and individual protection measures shall be disclosed to the public in an open, transparent and timely manner.

——做好國際通報與申請援助。按照國際原子能機構《及早通報核事故公約》要求，做好向國際社會的通報。按照國際原子能機構《核事故或輻射緊急情況援助公約》要求，視情向國際原子能機構和國際社會申請核應急救援。
― Doing well in notifying the international community and requesting for help. Notification shall be given to the international community in accordance with the Convention on Early Notification of a Nuclear Accident of the IAEA. Request for assistance shall be made to the IAEA and the world community in accordance with the Convention on Assistance in the Case of a Nuclear Accident or Radiological Emergency of the IAEA, depending upon the actual situation.

建立健全國家核應急技術標準體系。建立包括設置核電廠應急計劃區、核事故分級、應急狀態分級、開展應急防護行動、實施應急干預原則與干預水平等完整系統的國家核應急技術標準體系，為組織實施核應急準備與響應提供基本技術指南。
Establishing a robust system of technical standards for national nuclear emergency preparedness. A complete system of technical standards for national nuclear emergency preparedness shall be established, and it covers the standards for classification of nuclear power plant emergency planning zones, nuclear accidents and emergency status, implementation of emergency protection actions, and definition of emergency intervention principles and levels of intervention, so as to provide a primary technical guideline for the implementation of nuclear emergency preparedness and response.

加強應急值班。建立核應急值班體系，各級核應急組織保持24小時值班備勤。在國家核事故應急辦公室設立核應急國家聯絡點，負責核應急值班，及時掌握國內核設施情況，保持與國際原子能機構信息暢通。
Strengthening emergency on-duty system. An emergency on-duty system shall be established to ensure that each level of nuclear emergency organization stays on-duty 24 hours a day. National contact points for nuclear emergency preparedness under the national nuclear accident emergency office shall be on duty for nuclear emergency preparedness to collect information about domestic nuclear installations and keep the IAEA updated.

六、核應急演習演練培訓與公眾溝通
VI. Nuclear Emergency Preparedness Exercises, Drills, Training and Public Communication

中國高度重視核應急演習演練，切實加強專業培訓，注重公眾溝通，不斷提高各級核應急組織應對處置嚴重核事故的能力水平，普及社會公眾核安全應急知識，營造促進核能發展良好環境，樹立全社會對發展核能事業信心。
China attaches great importance to nuclear emergency preparedness exercises, drills, training and public communication, and continuous efforts have been made to enhance the capabilities of nuclear emergency preparedness organizations at various levels to cope with nuclear accidents, popularize knowledge of nuclear safety and emergency preparedness, create an environment conducive to facilitating nuclear energy development and build society-wide confidence in the country's nuclear energy sector.

組織實施核應急演習。發布《核電廠核事故應急管理條例》《突發事件應急預案管理辦法》《突發事件應急演練指南》《核應急演習管理規定》等規章，明確規定國家核應急演習方針原則、組織機構、內容形式、分類頻次、保障準備、實施程序等。適應核能發展需要，定期舉行全國性核應急聯合演習；相關省（區、市）每2年至4年舉行一次本級場內場外核應急聯合演習；核設施營運單位每2年組織一次綜合演習，每年組織多種專項演習，擁有3臺以上運行機組的演習頻度適當增加；核電站首次裝投料前，所在地省級核應急管理機構組織場內場外聯合演習。近年來，先后組織代號為“神盾—2009”“神盾—2015”的國家核應急聯合演習，參演規模近6000人，日本、韓國、法國、巴基斯坦、國際原子能機構等派出官員、專家觀摩。
Organizing nuclear emergency preparedness exercises. The policies and principles, organization, formats, classifications, frequency, safeguard preparation and implementation procedures for China's nuclear emergency preparedness have been clearly defined in such documents as Regulations on Emergency Measures for Nuclear Accidents at Nuclear Power Plants, Contingency Measures for Unexpected Events, Guideline on Emergency Exercises for Unexpected Events and Regulations on Nuclear Emergency Preparedness Exercises. To cater to the needs of nuclear energy development, national-level nuclear emergency preparedness joint exercises shall be conducted on a regular basis; provincial-level on-site and off-site joint exercises for nuclear emergency preparedness shall be conducted once every two to four years by the relevant provinces (autonomous regions or centrally administered municipalities); operators of nuclear installations shall conduct comprehensive exercises once every two years and special exercises for different purposes every year, with higher frequency for those which have three or more generating units. Prior to the initial fuel loading, an on-site and off-site joint exercise shall be organized by the provincial-level nuclear emergency management organization where the relevant nuclear power plant is located. National-level nuclear emergency joint exercises with the code names “Shendun-2009” and “Shendun-2015” have been conducted and observed by officials and experts from Japan, ROK, France, Pakistan and the IAEA, involving the participation of about 6,000 persons on the two occasions.

建立三級核應急培訓制度。國家核應急管理機構負責全國核應急管理人員培訓，省（區、市）核應急管理機構負責本行政區域內核應急人員培訓，核設施營運單位負責本單位核應急工作人員專業技術培訓。福島核事故以來，中國各級舉辦培訓班110多期，培訓近萬人次。目前，中國核應急管理人員、專業技術人員均參加過不同級別、專業的培訓。
Establishing a three-level nuclear emergency preparedness training system. The state nuclear emergency preparedness management organization shall be in charge of training for nation-wide nuclear emergency preparedness management personnel; nuclear emergency preparedness management organizations at the provincial (regional and municipal) level shall be in charge of training for nuclear emergency preparedness personnel within their respective jurisdictions; operators of nuclear installations shall be in charge of providing professional skills training for their own staff in the field of nuclear emergency preparedness. Since the Fukushima accident, China has organized more than 110 training sessions for different levels of nuclear emergency preparedness organizations, attended by a total of 10,000 people. China's nuclear emergency preparedness management personnel and technical professionals have all attended nuclear emergency preparedness trainings of different levels and disciplines.

加強核應急公眾溝通與信息發布。中國高度重視核應急公眾溝通和信息發布，制定相關規定，明確公開透明、客觀真實、權威可信、科學通俗的工作原則。各級核應急組織建立專門的核應急宣傳隊伍，適時向全社會宣傳國家核能政策、核安全政策、核應急政策，增加核能發展透明度，確保公眾享有核安全監督權、核應急準備與響應知情權。2013年以來，以“共筑核應急核安全防線、共促核能事業科學發展”為主題，多次組織全國范圍核應急宣傳活動，國內外受眾面達到10億人次。2015年1月，利用中國核工業創建60周年契機，開展一系列面向國內外的宣傳活動。2015年12月，組織媒體走進中國核電企業，開展“助推核能發展、助力‘一帶一路'”采訪活動，向國內外集中展示中國核電技術先進性、核電安全可靠性、核電管理規范性、核應急準備充分性，產生了積極社會反響。各涉核企業、大專院校和有關團體還以各種形式開展涉核科普宣傳活動，努力營造安全高效發展核能的良好氛圍。
Reinforcing public communication and information disclosure about nuclear emergency preparedness. China attaches great importance to public communication and information disclosure regarding nuclear emergency preparedness by developing relevant regulations on the principles of transparency, objectivity, trustworthiness and scientific accuracy. Each level of nuclear emergency preparedness organization has established a special nuclear emergency preparedness publicity team to publicize national policies on nuclear energy, nuclear safety and nuclear emergency preparedness to the public and to enhance transparency of nuclear energy development to ensure the public's right to supervise nuclear safety and access to information on nuclear emergency preparedness and response. Since 2013 a number of nationwide nuclear emergency preparedness publicity activities with the theme “Joining Efforts to Establish Defense on Nuclear Emergency and for Nuclear Safety, and to Foster the Scientific Development of Nuclear Energy Sector” have been held, arousing extensive attention both at home and abroad. In January 2015 publicity activities targeting domestic and foreign audiences were successively conducted by nuclear-related organizations to mark the 60th anniversary of the launch of China's nuclear industry. In December 2015 the domestic and foreign media were invited to visit Chinese nuclear power enterprises for the well-received campaign “Boosting Nuclear Energy Development for the One Belt and One Road Initiative,” showcasing to Chinese audience the advanced nature of China's nuclear power technology, the safety and reliability of nuclear power, standardization of nuclear power management and adequacy of nuclear emergency preparedness, producing positive social repercussions. Nuclear-related enterprises, universities and colleges, and relevant organizations have conducted a variety of publicity activities in relation to the popularization of nuclear-related scientific knowledge in a bid to foster an atmosphere conducive to the safe and efficient development of nuclear energy.

香港特別行政區、澳門特別行政區毗鄰廣東省，特區公眾和輿論關注內地核能發展。1992年以來，粵港雙方針對廣東大亞灣和嶺澳核電站核應急事宜達成多項共識。國家核應急管理機構多次與廣東省、香港特別行政區政府組織宣介會，不斷充實粵港核應急合作機制內容，完善粵港核應急交流平臺，及時回應公眾關切，消除疑慮。中央政府有關部門還有針對性地與港澳地區相關部門聯合開展各領域專業培訓，提高當地人員專業水平，為保持香港、澳門繁榮穩定作出積極貢獻。
As the Hong Kong and Macao special administrative regions (SAR) are adjacent to Guangdong Province, the public in Hong Kong and Macao pay close attention to the nuclear energy development in China's mainland. Since 1992 Guangdong Province and the Hong Kong SAR have reached consensus on a number of issues in relation to nuclear emergency preparedness associated with the Daya Bay and Ling Ao nuclear power plants in Guangdong. The state nuclear emergency management organ has, on more than one occasion, organized promotional activities in conjunction with Guangdong Province and the Hong Kong SAR to further enrich the contents of their collaborative mechanism on nuclear emergency preparedness, refine the communication platform for nuclear emergency preparedness between Guangdong and Hong Kong, and respond to public concerns in a timely manner to allay any misgivings. The relevant departments of the central government have held special training sessions focusing on various disciplines in conjunction with the departments concerned of Hong Kong and Macao SAR governments with a view to raising the professional level of the local public, therefore contributing positively to maintaining the prosperity and stability of both Hong Kong and Macao.

核能安全利用是關系臺灣海峽兩岸人民生命財產安全的大事，兩岸雙方對此高度重視。2011年10月，海協會與臺灣海基會簽署《海峽兩岸核電安全合作協議》。在該協議框架下，兩岸建立核應急事務聯系機制，在核電安全法規與標準、核電廠事故緊急通報、核電廠環境輻射監測、核電廠事故緊急應變及準備等領域不斷拓展交流與合作，取得積極成效。
As the safe use of nuclear energy is a major issue bearing on the safety of both life and property of people across the Taiwan Straits, both sides of the Straits lay great store by it. In October 2011 the Association for Relations across the Taiwan Straits and Straits Exchange Foundation signed the Cross-straits Nuclear Power Safety Cooperation Agreement. Under the framework of this agreement, a communication mechanism has been put in place between the two sides across the Straits on nuclear emergency matters, and positive achievements have reaped in expanded exchange and cooperation in such areas as regulations and standards concerning nuclear power safety, emergency reporting on nuclear power plant accidents, environmental radiation monitoring for nuclear power plants, and emergency response and preparations for nuclear power plant accidents.