四、為人類減貧探索新的路徑
IV. Exploring a New Path of Poverty Alleviation

消除貧困是全球性難題。各國國情不同、所處發展階段不同，減貧標準、方式方法、路徑手段也不同。中國減貧立足本國國情，深刻把握中國貧困特點和貧困治理規律，堅持中國共產黨的領導，堅持以人民為中心的發展思想，堅持發揮中國社會主義制度集中力量辦大事的政治優勢，堅持精準扶貧方略，堅持調動廣大貧困群眾積極性、主動性、創造性，堅持弘揚和衷共濟、團結互助美德，堅持求真務實、較真碰硬，走出了一條中國特色減貧道路，形成了中國特色反貧困理論。中國在減貧實踐中探索形成的寶貴經驗，既屬于中國也屬于世界，拓展了人類反貧困思路，為人類減貧探索了新的路徑。
Eliminating poverty is a challenge for all countries. Each subject to different national conditions and at different stages of development, they adopt different poverty reduction criteria, methods and approaches. Bearing in mind its prevailing reality and understanding the nature of poverty and the status of poverty alleviation, China has embarked on a path of poverty alleviation and designed an approach with Chinese characteristics. In this battle, the nation has upheld the CPC leadership and the people-centered philosophy. It has taken advantage of one of the strengths of its socialist system – the ability to pool resources on major endeavors. It has adopted targeted measures and stimulated the enthusiasm, initiative, and creativity of the people in poverty. It has carried forward the great tradition of working together and offering mutual support, and it has adopted a down-to-earth and pragmatic style of work. In this approach, China has accumulated valuable experience, which belongs both to China itself and to the rest of the world, and offers enlightenment to the international community in its battle to reduce poverty.

（一）堅持以人民為中心
1. People-centered Philosophy

中國共產黨是有遠大抱負的政黨。中國共產黨的奮斗目標，既很宏偉也很樸素，歸根結底是讓全體人民過上好日子。100年來，不管國際國內形勢如何變化，中國共產黨始終把人民放在心中最高位置，始終堅守為人民謀幸福、為民族謀復興的初心使命，以堅定不移的信念和意志，團結帶領人民與貧困作斗爭。進入新時代，中國共產黨堅持以人民為中心的發展思想，采取一系列超常規政策舉措推進脫貧攻堅，努力讓貧困群眾有更好的收入、更好的教育、更好的醫療衛生服務、更好的居住條件。把群眾滿意度作為衡量脫貧成效的重要尺度，集中力量解決貧困群眾基本民生需求，寧可少上幾個大項目，也要優先保障脫貧攻堅資金投入；寧可犧牲一些當前利益、局部利益，也要服從和服務于減貧工作大局；寧可經濟增速慢一些，也要確保脫貧攻堅目標任務如期完成。在脫貧攻堅沒有硝煙的戰場上，廣大黨員、干部以熱血赴使命、以行動踐諾言，用自己的辛勞換來貧困群眾的幸福。駐村第一書記和工作隊員扎根一線、任勞任怨，基層黨員干部嘔心瀝血、苦干實干，廣大志愿者真情投入、傾力奉獻。他們有的長期奮戰在扶貧一線，舍小家為大家，付出很大犧牲；有的為群眾脫貧四處奔波，爬山涉險，不辭勞苦；有的常年加班加點，積勞成疾；有的為扶貧工作負傷，仍然帶病堅持工作。脫貧攻堅以來，1800多名黨員、干部為減貧事業獻出了寶貴生命，用實際行動踐行了為人民犧牲一切的誓言。新時代脫貧攻堅實踐，深刻詮釋了以人民為中心的理念，是中國共產黨全心全意為人民服務的宗旨在新時代最集中、最充分、最生動的體現。
The CPC is an ambitious party with a grand but simple goal: to ensure a happy life for the Chinese people. In the face of all the changes in the international landscape and the domestic situation over the past century, the Party has always followed a people-centered philosophy. It has borne in mind its founding mission to seek happiness for the Chinese people and national rejuvenation, and united and led the people in fighting poverty armed with firm convictions and a strong will. In the new era, the CPC has adopted a series of bold policies and measures to advance the cause, trying to ensure higher incomes and better education, healthcare, and living conditions for the poor. Taking public satisfaction as an important yardstick to judge the effectiveness of poverty elimination, the Party has concentrated its efforts on guaranteeing the basic needs of the poor. It would rather cut down on the number of major projects in favor of investment in poverty elimination; it would rather penalize short-term, partial or local interests to ensure the cause is well served and guaranteed; and it would rather slow the pace of economic growth to ensure the task of poverty alleviation is accomplished on schedule.In the fight against poverty, officials including first Party secretaries and resident working teams, grassroots officials and Party members, and volunteers have worked with diligence and a spirit of dedication in support of the poor, fulfilling their mission and their pledge to the people. Some of them have been fighting on the front line for a long time, without time or energy to take care of their own families; some have been traveling around or braving harsh natural conditions; some have fallen sick from overwork all the year round; some have continued work even after getting injured at work. More than 1,800 Party members and officials have lost their lives in the cause of poverty alleviation.

中國減貧實踐表明，貧困問題本質上是對人民的根本態度問題，以人民為中心是扶貧減貧的根本動力。真正把人民放在心上，真正把人民利益放在第一位，才能真正識貧、扶貧、脫貧，減貧才會有不竭動力、明確方向和好的辦法。
China's poverty elimination effort in the new era is a full and vivid expression of its people-centered philosophy and the CPC's mission of serving the people wholeheartedly. Success in poverty alleviation has proven that the problem of poverty, in essence, is how the people should be treated: the people-centered philosophy is the fundamental driving force behind this cause. Only with this philosophy, can a country identify those who are poor, adopt concrete measures, and deliver genuine outcomes; only with this philosophy, can it draw on inexhaustible motivation, set a clear direction, and find the right approach.

（二）把減貧擺在治國理政突出位置
2. Highlighting Poverty Alleviation in the Governance of China

貧困地區發展條件差，貧困人口自我發展能力弱，消除貧困僅僅依靠個體、區域、民間等力量遠遠不夠，必須作為執政黨和國家的責任，上升為國家意志、國家戰略、國家行動。中國共產黨始終把消除貧困作為定國安邦的重要任務，制定實施一個時期黨的路線方針政策、提出國家中長期發展規劃建議，都把減貧作為重要內容，從國家層面部署，運用國家力量推進。幾代中國共產黨人，錨定一個目標，一茬接著一茬干。中共十八大以來，中國共產黨把脫貧攻堅擺在治國理政的突出位置，加強黨的集中統一領導，統籌謀劃、強力推進。從黨的領袖到廣大黨員干部，情系貧困群眾、心懷減貧大業，全黨目標一致、上下同心。加強頂層設計和戰略規劃，制定印發《關于打贏脫貧攻堅戰的決定》《關于打贏脫貧攻堅戰三年行動的指導意見》等政策文件，明確目標、路徑和具體措施并一以貫之抓下去。各級財政不斷加大投入力度（圖4），構建多元資金投入體系（專欄12），為減貧事業發展提供資金保障。發揮社會主義制度集中力量辦大事的優勢，廣泛動員各方力量積極參與。建立脫貧攻堅責任體系、政策體系、組織體系、投入體系、動員體系、監督體系、考核評估體系等制度體系，為脫貧攻堅順利推進提供了有力支撐。
Poor conditions for development in impoverished areas and a lack of capacity for self-improvement among the poor population determine that poverty cannot be eliminated by relying solely on the efforts of individuals, local governments, or non-governmental forces. Poverty elimination must be taken on as a responsibility of the ruling party and the country; it requires will and action at national level, and it must be elevated to a national strategy. The CPC has always regarded poverty alleviation as an important task for ensuring national peace and stability. It has highlighted poverty alleviation at national level when setting its guidelines, principles and policies, and when formulating national plans for medium- and long-term development. The Party has pooled national resources to advance this cause and motivated generations of its members to devote themselves to this cause. Since the 18th National Congress in 2012, the CPC has prioritized poverty elimination in its governance, and planned and advanced this cause under its centralized and unified leadership. All Party members, from top leaders to the grassroots officials, are concerned about the poor and the cause of poverty alleviation, and work together towards the same goal. China has strengthened top-level design and strategic planning. It has issued policy documents such as Decision on Winning the Battle Against Extreme Poverty and Guidelines on the Three-Year Action Plan to Win the Battle Against Extreme Poverty, setting specific aims, defining approaches and detailed measures, and carrying them out with consistent efforts. Investment has been increased by governments at all levels (Figure 4) and a multiple investment system has been established (Box 12), guaranteeing financial support for poverty alleviation. Leveraging the strength of its socialist system – the ability to pool resources on major endeavors – China has mobilized forces from all quarters to participate in poverty alleviation. Systems have been established, covering responsibilities, policies, organization, inputs, mobilization, supervision, assessment and evaluation, and many other aspects of poverty elimination, providing an institutional guarantee for the nation to advance the battle against poverty.

中國減貧實踐表明，治國之道，富民為始；民之貧富，國之責任。減貧是一項具有開拓性的艱巨工作，實現減貧目標，領導人的情懷、意志和決心至關重要，執政黨和國家擔負起對人民的責任、發揮主導作用、匯聚各方力量至關重要，保持政策的連續性和穩定性至關重要。
The success in poverty alleviation has proven that governance of a country starts with the needs of the people, and that their prosperity is the responsibility of the government. Poverty alleviation is a pioneering and arduous trek. To achieve success, it is of utmost importance that the leadership have devotion, strong will and determination, and the ruling party and government assume their responsibilities to the people, play a leading role, mobilize forces from all quarters, and ensure policies are consistent and stable.

（三）用發展的辦法消除貧困
3. Eradicating Poverty Through Development

貧困問題說到底是發展問題。作為擁有14億人口、世界上最大的發展中國家，發展是解決包括貧困問題在內的中國所有問題的關鍵。中國共產黨始終把發展作為執政興國的第一要務，集中精力搞建設、謀發展，通過發展解決不平衡不充分問題，創造了經濟快速發展奇跡和社會長期穩定奇跡。把改革作為消除貧困的重要推動力，從新中國成立后進行土地改革、建立社會主義制度，到改革開放后實行家庭聯產承包責任制，到確立社會主義市場經濟體制、全面免除農業稅，再到中共十八大以來實行農村承包地所有權、承包權、經營權“三權分置”和推進農村集體產權制度改革，不斷消除導致貧困的制度性、結構性因素，不斷促進農村發展、農民增收。積極順應全球化潮流，堅定不移擴大對外開放，對外貿易持續快速增長，為廣大農村勞動力創造了大量就業崗位、拓寬了增收渠道。新中國成立以來特別是改革開放以來，中國經濟社會快速發展，經濟總量不斷躍升，綜合實力顯著提升，既對減貧形成了強大的帶動效應，也為大規模扶貧開發奠定了堅實基礎、提供了有力保障。
The root cause of poverty is inadequate development. As the world's largest developing country with a population of 1.4 billion, China is aware that development is essential to solving many of its problems, including poverty. The CPC has always regarded this as the top priority in governing and rejuvenating the country. It has concentrated its efforts in particular on the economy, to address the problem of unbalanced and inadequate development. Through development, the economy has been growing rapidly and the country has enjoyed a long period of social stability. China has regarded reform as an important driving force for poverty eradication and worked constantly to remove institutional and structural causes of poverty:

? By launching land reform and establishing the socialist system after the founding of the PRC in 1949;

? By implementing the household contract responsibility system with remuneration linked to output after the launch of reform and opening up in 1978;

? By establishing the socialist market economy and rescinding all agricultural taxes;

? By separating the ownership rights, contracting rights, and management rights for contracted rural land and further reforming the rural collective property rights system since the 18th CPC National Congress in 2012.

These measures have contributed to rural development and increased farmers' incomes. In addition, China has opened wider to the world amidst economic globalization and seen sustained and rapid growth in its foreign trade, creating many employment opportunities and more sources of higher incomes for rural labor.

Since the founding of the PRC in 1949, and especially since the launch of reform and opening up in 1978, the country has witnessed rapid economic and social development, with the economy and national strength growing steadily. This has provided solid support for large-scale development-driven poverty alleviation effort.

中國減貧實踐表明，發展是消除貧困最有效的辦法、創造幸福生活最穩定的途徑。唯有發展，才能為經濟社會發展和民生改善提供科學路徑和持久動力；唯有發展，才能更好保障人民的基本權利；唯有發展，才能不斷滿足人民對美好生活的熱切向往。
China's experience with poverty alleviation has proven that development is the most effective way to eradicate poverty and the most reliable path towards a more prosperous life. Only development can lead to economic growth, social progress and higher living standards. Only development can better guarantee people's basic rights and meet their desire for a better life.

（四）立足實際推進減貧進程
4. Pressing Ahead with Poverty Alleviation Based on Reality

貧困問題具有多樣性和復雜性，致貧原因也呈現差異性和多元性。中國立足本國國情，根據不同發展階段和經濟社會發展水平，根據貧困人口規模、分布、結構等的變化，科學制定減貧標準、目標、方略，不斷創新減貧理念、方法、手段，循序漸進、持續用力、滴水穿石。新中國成立后，主要是通過社會制度變革和大規模社會主義建設減緩貧困。改革開放以來，主要是通過農村經濟體制改革和經濟增長帶動減貧，重點采取開發式扶貧方針，引導貧困地區和貧困群眾以市場為導向，調整經濟結構，開發當地資源，發展商品生產，提高自我積累、自我發展能力。進入新時代，在繼續堅持開發式扶貧的同時，實施精準扶貧方略，扶貧路徑由“大水漫灌”轉為“精準滴灌”，資源使用方式由多頭分散轉為統籌集中，扶貧模式由偏重“輸血”轉為注重“造血”，考評體系由側重考核地區生產總值轉為主要考核脫貧成效。中國根據經濟社會發展和減貧事業推進的實際，逐步調整提高扶貧標準，讓發展成果更多更好惠及人民群眾。
Poverty problems, as well as their causes, are diverse and complex. China's poverty alleviation efforts are based on a realistic appraisal of the situation. China has set its poverty line and its poverty alleviation goals and strategies, and worked to create better ideas and methods based on its national conditions and stage of development, and on the changes in the demographics, distribution, and structure of the poor population. It has advanced this undertaking step by step and with a steady effort. Immediately after its founding in 1949, the PRC addressed the problem of poverty mainly through reform of the social system and large-scale economic development. After the launch of reform and opening up in 1978, China drove poverty alleviation mainly through rural economic reform and economic growth. It adopted development-oriented measures, guiding people in impoverished areas to increase their capacity for accumulation of wealth and endogenous development by adjusting the local economic structure, tapping into local resources, and developing production in response to market demand. In the new era, China has continued previous measures, and at the same time carried out a strategy of targeted poverty alleviation. The approach has changed from generalized broad-brush policies to targeted measures based on specific conditions. Before, resources for poverty alleviation came from multiple sources and were used by scattering them among the impoverished areas; now they are concentrated and better coordinated. The model of poverty alleviation has changed from mainly relying on external support like a blood transfusion to a more sustained effort from self-motivation. The assessment system has shifted focus from regional GDP as the main indicator to the genuine result of poverty alleviation. China has gradually lifted its poverty line based on its economic and social advances and progress in the cause of poverty alleviation to share the fruits of development with more people.

中國減貧實踐表明，貧困的發生演變有其自身特點和規律，貧困治理必須從實際出發，科學研判制約減貧和發展的瓶頸因素，找準釋放減貧動力的突破口，因時因勢因地制宜，不斷調整創新減貧的策略方略和政策工具，提高貧困治理效能。
The occurrence and evolution of poverty has its own features and trends. To achieve success in reducing poverty, a country must follow a path in line with its national conditions, identify and remove obstacles to poverty alleviation, find driving forces for this cause, and constantly adjust and reform its strategies and policies as circumstances and local conditions change.

（五）發揮貧困群眾主體作用
5. Letting the Poor Play the Principal Role

貧困群眾是脫貧致富的主體。扶貧減貧既要借助外力，更要激發內力，才能形成合力。中國充分尊重、積極發揮貧困群眾主體作用，激發培育貧困群眾內生動力，增強參與發展、共享發展、自主發展的能力，使貧困群眾不僅成為減貧的受益者，也成為發展的貢獻者。堅持扶貧與扶志扶智相結合，既富口袋，更富腦袋，讓貧困群眾既有脫貧致富的想法，又有脫貧致富的辦法。依托農民夜校、新時代講習所等，加強教育培訓，提升貧困群眾發展生產和務工經商的基本技能。改進扶貧方式，建立正向激勵、比學趕超的有效機制，更多采用生產獎補、勞務補助、以工代賑等方式，激勵貧困群眾依靠勞動創造幸福。大力宣傳自強不息、奮斗脫貧的先進典型，廣泛開展生動活潑、形式多樣的宣傳教育，引導貧困群眾樹立“寧愿苦干、不愿苦熬”的觀念，用雙手改變貧困落后面貌。
Poor people are the main players in eliminating poverty. Poverty alleviation requires both external and internal forces to form a synergy. China fully respects the principal role of the poor and encourages them to play their part, inspires them with the motivation to fight poverty, and enhances their ability to participate in development, share the fruits of development, and achieve endogenous development. They benefit from success in the undertaking of poverty alleviation and at the same time contribute to development in China. China has inspired its people in poverty to strive for prosperity and provided them necessary education, so that they have the ambition to emerge from poverty and the tools to succeed. People in poverty have had better access to education opportunities, such as farmers' night schools and training workshops, to improve their skills and abilities in work and business. A significant improvement in the battle against poverty is an effective mechanism of positive incentives encouraging the poor to learn from and keep pace with each other. Through this mechanism, productive activities are rewarded and subsidized and jobs instead of grants are provided, to encourage poor people to rely on their own efforts rather than wait for external assistance. China has promoted stories of role models who escaped poverty through their hard work. It has also carried out various activities to establish the idea that "It is better to work hard than to endure poverty." The people in poverty have followed suit and eventually shaken off poverty and backwardness.

中國減貧實踐表明，人民是歷史的創造者、推動者，是頂天立地的真正英雄。只要堅持為了人民、依靠人民，尊重人民主體地位和首創精神，激勵貧困群眾自力更生、艱苦奮斗的內生動力，就一定能夠戰勝貧困。
The fight against poverty shows that the people are the creators and drivers of history, and the true heroes. As long as a country serves the people, relies on them, respects their principal status and pioneering spirit, and motivates the poor to rely on their own hard work, it is sure to defeat poverty.

（六）匯聚各方力量形成強大合力
6. Pooling All Resources to Create Synergy

扶貧減貧是艱巨復雜的系統工程，需要調動各方積極參與。為打贏脫貧攻堅戰，中國共產黨依托嚴密組織體系和高效運行機制，廣泛有效動員和凝聚各方力量，構建政府、社會、市場協同推進，專項扶貧、行業扶貧、社會扶貧互為補充的大扶貧格局，形成跨地區、跨部門、跨單位、全社會共同參與的多元主體的社會扶貧體系。加強東西部扶貧協作和對口支援（專欄13），推動省市縣各層面幫扶，促進人才、資金、技術向貧困地區流動，實現優勢互補，縮小區域差距。積極開展定點扶貧，組織各級黨政機關、人民團體、國有企事業單位和軍隊幫扶貧困縣或貧困村（專欄14）。各民主黨派、工商聯和無黨派人士充分發揮各自優勢，為打贏脫貧攻堅戰獻智獻力。積極推動各行各業發揮專業優勢，開展產業扶貧、科技扶貧、教育扶貧、文化扶貧、健康扶貧、消費扶貧。廣泛動員民營企業參與扶貧開發，引導市場開發能力強的主體進入資源開發潛力大的地區，實現互惠互利、共同發展（專欄15）。廣泛動員社會組織、公民個人積極參與脫貧攻堅，開展扶貧公益活動。設立國家扶貧日，建立脫貧攻堅國家榮譽制度，表彰脫貧攻堅先進典型，營造了人人愿為、人人可為、人人能為的社會幫扶氛圍。
Poverty alleviation is an arduous, complex, and systematic endeavor, requiring the active participation of all parties. In the fight against poverty, the CPC has mobilized and pooled all possible forces on the basis of its rigorous organizational system and efficient work mechanism. A large-scale poverty alleviation network has been established, with the government, society and the market working in coordination, and government-sponsored projects, sector-specific programs, and corporate and societal assistance supplementing each other. It is a framework with the full participation of multiple players from different regions, sectors, departments and businesses. China has strengthened collaboration and paired assistance between the eastern and western regions (Box 13) at provincial, city and county levels to encourage the flow of talent, capital, and technology to poor areas so that they can complement each other and narrow the gaps between them. Poverty alleviation assistance has been directed to designated targets. Party and government institutions, people's organizations, state-owned enterprises and public institutions, and the military have assisted poor counties or villages (Box 14).Other political parties, federations of industry and commerce and prominent individuals without party affiliation have leveraged their strengths to contribute intellectual and material support. Various industries have been encouraged to offer assistance with their professional advantages by launching sector-specific programs, providing technological support, improving education, cultural undertakings and healthcare, and boosting consumption.Private enterprises have been urged to participate in development-driven poverty alleviation. Businesses skilled in resource extraction have been encouraged to enter regions with great resource potential, which benefit both the businesses and those regions (Box 15). Social organizations and individual citizens have been mobilized to participate in poverty alleviation and related public benefit activities. China has designated a National Poverty Alleviation Day and established a national system to commend models in fighting poverty. All these measures have created an atmosphere where everyone who is interested can join in poverty alleviation.

中國減貧實踐表明，只有動員和凝聚各方力量，引導全社會關愛貧困群眾、關心減貧事業、投身脫貧行動，形成共同意志、共同行動，聚力攻堅克難，才能最終戰勝貧困頑疾。
China's experience has proven that only when a country mobilizes all sectors of society to unite with common purpose and act in unison, can poverty be finally defeated.

中國特色減貧道路，是中國人民在中國共產黨的領導下，經過長期艱辛探索開創出來的一條成功道路。中國消除絕對貧困的成功實踐和寶貴經驗，深化了對人類減貧規律的認識，豐富發展了人類反貧困理論，提振了各國特別是廣大發展中國家消除絕對貧困的信心，為其他國家選擇適合自己的減貧發展道路提供了參考和借鑒，為破解現代國家治理難題、開辟人類社會發展更加光明的前景提供了中國方案。
Under the CPC leadership, the Chinese people have created an approach to poverty alleviation with their own hard work. China's successful practice and valuable experience in eliminating extreme poverty have deepened human understanding of poverty alleviation trends, enriched and extended the theory of international poverty alleviation, and boosted the confidence of other countries, especially developing ones, in eradicating extreme poverty. They serve as reference for other countries to choose a suitable path of poverty alleviation, and offer China's approach to solving the problem of modern national governance and creating brighter prospects for social progress.