> China's export tax refund and exemption reach 1.64t yuan
稅務(wù)總局：年內(nèi)全國(guó)累計(jì)辦理出口退免稅逾1.6萬(wàn)億

China's tax department continued to accelerate the export tax refund this year, offering powerful support for the steady growth of foreign trade, Securities Times reported. From the beginning of this year to Nov 10, the total tax refund, as well as tax exemption, reached 1.64 trillion yuan ($227.84 billion), up 14.9 percent year-on-year.
據(jù)《證券時(shí)報(bào)》報(bào)道，今年，稅務(wù)部門持續(xù)加快出口退稅進(jìn)度，服務(wù)外貿(mào)穩(wěn)增長(zhǎng)。今年1月1日至11月10日，全國(guó)累計(jì)辦理出口退（免）稅1.64萬(wàn)億元，同比增長(zhǎng)14.9%。

The State Taxation of Administration said it has released a series of new policies to improve the tax refund efficiency, further relieving enterprises' pressure. For example, companies can apply for the export tax refund online, with 430,000 paper documents streamlined for 49,000 companies, as of Nov 10.
國(guó)家稅務(wù)總局表示，已發(fā)布一系列新政策，提高退稅效率，進(jìn)一步緩解企業(yè)壓力。例如，政策實(shí)施以來(lái)至11月10日，累計(jì)為4.9萬(wàn)戶次企業(yè)減少報(bào)送紙質(zhì)資料43萬(wàn)份。

The average tax refund time has been reduced to six working days this year, and for some credit-worthy enterprises, that time has been further cut to three working days. Cai Zili, chief auditor of STA, said tax losses of 33.43 billion yuan have been retrieved since the beginning of this year.
今年，出口退稅平均時(shí)間已縮短至六個(gè)工作日，對(duì)信用好的企業(yè)，退稅時(shí)間進(jìn)一步縮短至三個(gè)工作日。國(guó)家稅務(wù)總局總審計(jì)師蔡自力表示，今年已累計(jì)挽回稅款損失334.33億元。

> Gene mutation provides resilience to cold
寒潮來(lái)襲！為什么有人冬天穿短袖都不冷？

Skeletal muscle comprises fast-twitch muscle fibers that fatigue quickly and slow-twitch muscle fibers that are more resistant to fatigue. The protein α-actinin-3, which is found only in fast-twitch muscle fibers, is absent in almost 20 percent of people — almost 1.5 billion individuals — due to a mutation in the gene that codes for it.
人的骨骼肌由快縮肌纖維和慢縮肌纖維組成，前者易疲勞，而后者更耐疲勞。α-輔肌動(dòng)蛋白-3是一種只存在于快縮肌纖維內(nèi)的蛋白質(zhì)。由于基因突變，全球近20%的人（約15億人）體內(nèi)完全沒(méi)有這種蛋白質(zhì)。

Researchers at Karolinska Institute in Sweden now show that more of the skeletal muscle of these individuals comprises slow-twitch muscle fibers, which are more durable and energy-efficient, and provide better tolerance to low temperatures than fast-twitch muscle fibers. The results are published in the American Journal of Human Genetics.
來(lái)自瑞典卡羅林斯卡學(xué)院的研究人員表示，這些人的骨骼肌更多由慢縮肌纖維構(gòu)成。與快縮肌纖維相比，這一肌纖維更加持久，所需能量較少，而且對(duì)低溫的耐受力更強(qiáng)。該研究結(jié)果發(fā)表于《美國(guó)人類遺傳學(xué)雜志》。

"This suggests that people lacking α-actinin-3 are better at keeping warm and, energy-wise, at enduring a tougher climate, but there hasn't been any direct experimental evidence for this before," says H?kan Westerblad, a professor of cellular muscle physiology at the Department of Physiology and Pharmacology.
卡羅林斯卡學(xué)院生理學(xué)和藥理學(xué)系的細(xì)胞肌肉生理學(xué)教授霍坎?維斯特布拉表示：“這表明缺乏α-輔肌動(dòng)蛋白-3的人更擅于保暖，能夠在極端天氣中調(diào)節(jié)自身能量。但此前沒(méi)有發(fā)現(xiàn)任何直接的實(shí)驗(yàn)證據(jù)。”

For the study, 42 healthy men between 18 and 40 were asked to sit in cold water (14 °C) until their body temperature dropped to 35.5 °C. During cold water immersion, researchers measured muscle electrical activity with electromyography (EMG) and took muscle biopsies to study the protein content and fiber-type composition.
在實(shí)驗(yàn)時(shí)，42名年齡在18歲至40歲之間的健康男性被要求坐在14℃的冷水中，一直持續(xù)到他們的體溫下降至35.5℃。在浸入冷水的過(guò)程中，研究人員用肌電圖測(cè)量受試者的肌電活動(dòng)。另外他們還進(jìn)行了肌肉活檢以研究蛋白質(zhì)含量和纖維類型組成。

The results showed that the skeletal muscle of people lacking α-actinin-3 contains a larger proportion of slow-twitch muscle fibers. On cooling, these individuals were able to maintain their body temperature in a more energy-efficient way. Rather than activating fast-twitch muscle fibers, which results in overt shivering, they increased the activation of slow-twitch muscle fibers that produce heat by increasing baseline contraction.
結(jié)果顯示，這些缺乏α-輔肌動(dòng)蛋白-3的人的骨骼肌中含有較大比例的慢縮肌纖維。在降溫中，這些人能夠通過(guò)節(jié)省能量來(lái)維持自身的體溫。快縮肌纖維會(huì)靠顫抖來(lái)對(duì)抗低溫，而這些人則是通過(guò)增加肌肉收縮（肌緊張），激活慢縮肌纖維來(lái)產(chǎn)生熱量。

"The mutation probably gave an evolutionary advantage during the migration to a colder climate, but in today's modern society, this energy-saving ability might instead increase the risk of diseases of affluence, which is something we now want to turn our attention to," says Westerblad.
維斯特布拉說(shuō)：“這一基因突變很可能是為了滿足向寒冷地域遷徙的進(jìn)化需要。但在現(xiàn)代社會(huì)中，這種儲(chǔ)存能量的能力反而會(huì)增加患多種疾病的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，這是我們目前需要關(guān)注的問(wèn)題。”

Marius Brazaitis, a scientist at the Lithuanian Sports University says，"It is our hypothesis or assumption at this point that people with the gene variant who consume more calories and are physically inactive could be at a higher risk of obesity, type-2 diabetes, and other metabolic disorders."
來(lái)自立陶宛體育大學(xué)的科學(xué)家馬呂斯?布雷扎伊蒂斯表示：“我們目前推測(cè)，具有這種變異基因的人會(huì)攝入更多的卡路里，同時(shí)還缺乏鍛煉，這可能會(huì)增加患肥胖癥、2型糖尿病及其它代謝紊亂疾病的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。”

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