> ‘Gaslighting’ is Merriam-Webster’s 2022 word of the year
“煤氣燈效應”成為《韋氏詞典》2022年度熱詞

This year, the number of times people looked up Merriam-Webster’s definition of gaslighting skyrocketed 1740 percent compared to 2021.
2022年，《韋氏詞典》中gaslighting的查詢次數激增1740%。

So it seems fitting that the dictionary named it 2022’s word of the year.
因此，這個單詞當選該詞典2022年度詞匯似乎是理所當然的。

Merriam-Webster actually has two definitions for the noun.
《韋氏詞典》對gaslighting有兩條定義。

The first is as follows: “psychological manipulation of a person usually over an extended period of time that causes the victim to question the validity of their own thoughts, perception of reality, or memories and typically leads to confusion, loss of confidence and self-esteem, uncertainty of one's emotional or mental stability, and a dependency on the perpetrator.”
其中一條指：對一個人的心理操縱，通常持續很長一段時間，導致受害者質疑自己的思想、對現實的感知或記憶的可靠性，通常導致困惑、信心和自尊的喪失、情緒或精神的不穩定，以及對施暴者的依賴。

US-based author of The Gaslight Effect, Dr Robin Stern, outlined the insidious nature of gaslighting, writing: "It's a form of emotional abuse and manipulation that is difficult to recognize and even harder to break free from."
《煤氣燈效應》的美國作者羅賓?斯特恩博士概述了“煤氣燈”陰險的本質，寫道：“這是一種難以識別的情感虐待和操縱，甚至更難以擺脫。”

But as Merriam-Webster explained in a blog post, people these days don’t just use gaslighting to describe total reality-distorting manipulation. It can also refer more generally to “the act or practice of grossly misleading someone especially for one’s own advantage.” 但《韋氏詞典》在一篇博文中表示，現在gaslighting不僅形容扭曲事實的思想控制，也可以泛指“特專指為自己的利益而嚴重誤導別人的行為或做法”。

With all the disinformation floating around the internet, it can be tough to realize when you’re being gaslighted into discarding your own perceptions or beliefs.
由于互聯網上充斥著虛假信息，當你被激怒而拋棄自己的看法或信念時，是很難意識到自己被操控了。

> The majority of people perhaps don't have to drink 8 glasses of water a day
“每天8杯水”科學嗎？最新研究結果可能顛覆認知

A famous health tip says you'd better drink eight glasses of water (about two liters) a day.
一句著名的養生建議稱，每天喝8杯水（約2升）有利于身體健康。

However, the results of a new study suggest that less is needed.
然而，最新研究顯示，一天8杯水可能超過大多數人真正的需水量。

An international group led by scientists at the Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology (SIAT) in China found that the average daily water intake of a man in his twenties should be 1.5 to 1.8 liters, while it should be 1.3 to 1.4 liters for a female in the same age group.
由中國科學院深圳先進技術研究院醫藥所科研團隊所帶領的國際團隊發現，20多歲的男性平均每日飲水量應在1.5至1.8升之間，而20多歲的女性則應在1.3至1.4升之間。

The researchers investigated 5,604 participants from the ages of 8 days to 96 years and from more than 20 countries.
研究人員調查了來自20多個國家的5604名參與者，他們的年齡從8天到96歲不等。

They have found that a man aged 20 to 35 consumes 4.2 liters of water each day, while a woman aged 30 to 60 consumes 3.3 liters, with the water requirements dropping as he or she ages.
他們發現，20至35歲的男性每天要喝4.2升水，30至60歲的女性每天要喝3.3升水，而且隨著年齡的增長，對水的需求量會下降。

Since the metabolism and water exchange on skin can provide 15 percent, while food and drinking contribute half each of the remaining 85 percent, people are thus suggested to drink less than 45 percent of the total daily turnover, according to the researchers.
研究人員稱，由于新陳代謝和皮膚上的水交換可以提供15%的水分，而食物和飲水各占剩下85%的一半，因此建議人們每天攝入的水分少于總攝入量的45%。

"The majority of people perhaps don't have to drink 8 glasses of water a day," said Zhang Xueying, co-first author of the paper and an assistant research fellow at the SIAT.
論文共同第一作者張雪映表示，研究結果表明，每天喝8杯水（約2升）對大多數人來說可能太多了。

The total water input and output varies according to multiple factors, including body size, physical activity, air temperature, humidity, and altitude, according to the study.研究表明，水量的輸入和輸出受多種因素的影響，包括身體大小、身體活動、空氣溫度、濕度和海拔高度。

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