> New therapeutic strategy for degenerative diseases
退行性疾病的新治療策略靈感來(lái)源于菠菜？

A group of Chinese scientists made a breakthrough as they rendered mammalian cells a unique skill owned by green plants -- turning water and carbon dioxide into oxygen and food via sunlight-- and revitalized those impaired animal cells.
一個(gè)中國(guó)科學(xué)家團(tuán)隊(duì)取得了突破性進(jìn)展，他們使哺乳動(dòng)物細(xì)胞具備了綠色植物所擁有的獨(dú)特技能——通過陽(yáng)光將水和二氧化碳轉(zhuǎn)化為氧氣和食物——并使那些受損的動(dòng)物細(xì)胞恢復(fù)了活力。

The researchers from Zhejiang University developed an independent and controllable photosynthetic system derived from a device in young spinach leaves, according to the study published in the journal Nature this month.
據(jù)本月發(fā)表在《自然》雜志上的科研成果論文，浙江大學(xué)科研團(tuán)隊(duì)利用菠菜嫩葉中的裝置開發(fā)了一種獨(dú)立、可控的光合系統(tǒng)。

They integrated this plant system into arthritic mice's degenerated chondrocytes, which are cells found in the cartilage, and demonstrated that the modified cells, following exposure to light, help improve the metabolic process in which complex molecules are synthesized from simpler ones with the storage of energy.
他們將這種植物系統(tǒng)整合到了關(guān)節(jié)炎小鼠退化的軟骨細(xì)胞中，軟骨細(xì)胞是在軟骨中發(fā)現(xiàn)的細(xì)胞，再進(jìn)行無(wú)創(chuàng)化光照治療，有助于改善軟骨細(xì)胞的合成代謝，在這個(gè)過程中，簡(jiǎn)單分子通過儲(chǔ)存能量合成復(fù)雜分子。

The researchers encapsulated the light-powered structure in a nanosized animal cell membrane coating as of camouflage to prevent the rodent's immune system from rejecting it as a foreign body.
研究人員將光能結(jié)構(gòu)封裝在一個(gè)納米級(jí)的動(dòng)物細(xì)胞膜涂層中，作為一種偽裝，以防止嚙齒動(dòng)物的免疫系統(tǒng)將其作為異物排斥。

In arthritis, the energy-generating devices within cells tend to lose steam, but the photosynthesis of plants can produce the needed energy-carrying molecules, said the researchers.
研究人員表示，在關(guān)節(jié)炎中，細(xì)胞內(nèi)的能量生成裝置往往會(huì)失去活力，但植物的光合作用能夠產(chǎn)生所需的載能分子。

The plant-derived system is shown to correct energy imbalance, restore cellular metabolism and protect against the chronic inflammation of the joints, according to the study.
研究顯示，這種植物衍生系統(tǒng)能夠糾正能量失衡，恢復(fù)細(xì)胞代謝，并防止關(guān)節(jié)的慢性炎癥。

Using the natural photosynthetic system as a therapeutic strategy for degenerative diseases, is "an exciting achievement that opens up possibilities of metabolism engineering," said the paper's peer reviewer Francisco Cejudo from the University of Seville.
來(lái)自塞維利亞大學(xué)的論文同行評(píng)審弗朗西斯科?塞朱多認(rèn)為：“利用植物光合作用系統(tǒng)作為退行性疾病的治療策略，是一項(xiàng)令人興奮的成就，它開辟了代謝工程的可能性。”

> What is ‘water poisoning’? How much should you drink every day?
“水中毒”是怎么回事？每天該喝多少水？

How much water should you drink each day? It's a simple question with no easy answer.
你每天應(yīng)該喝多少水?這是一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單的問題，答案卻并不簡(jiǎn)單。

Studies have produced varying recommendations over the years.
多年來(lái)，研究提出了不同的建議。

But your individual water needs depend on many factors, including your health, how active you are and where you live.
但個(gè)人對(duì)水的需求取決于很多因素，包括你的健康狀況、你的活動(dòng)量以及你的居住地。

No single formula fits everyone.
沒有一個(gè)公式適合所有人。

But knowing more about your body's needs for fluids will help you estimate how much water to drink each day.
但更多地了解你身體對(duì)液體的需求將有助于你估計(jì)每天需要喝多少水。

Normal kidneys can release up to a quart of fluid every hour.
正常情況下，腎臟的排水能力約為每小時(shí)1夸脫（約0.946升）。

If you drink more than that, you’ll retain the excess water in your body, which causes a condition known as hyponatremia and can be hazardous to your health.
如果水分?jǐn)z入過多，就會(huì)導(dǎo)致多余的水分在體內(nèi)，這將導(dǎo)致一種被稱為低鈉血癥的情況，并可能對(duì)健康造成危害。

Mild hyponatremia causes few symptoms, but more severe cases can lead to brain swelling and progressive neurological symptoms, including confusion, disorientation, seizures, coma and sometimes death.
輕度低鈉血癥引起的癥狀雖然不多，但嚴(yán)重的話可能造成腦部腫脹和進(jìn)行性的神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)癥狀，如精神錯(cuò)亂、定向障礙、癲癇、昏迷，甚至危及生命。

For most people, drinking more than needed to maintain water balance is neither necessary nor medically helpful.
對(duì)于大多數(shù)人來(lái)說(shuō)，為了維持身體水分的平衡而攝入過多水分，既沒有必要，也不會(huì)有醫(yī)療上的幫助。

According to Bruce Gordon, an expert from the World Health Organization, drinking more than 4 liters of water a day can be toxic, leading to impaired brain function or even death.
世界衛(wèi)生組織專家布魯斯?戈登稱，每天每天飲用超過4升水可能會(huì)中毒，導(dǎo)致大腦功能受損甚至死亡。

Normal daily intake of water depends on the level of physical activity and climate, it is recommended that men do not exceed 3.7 liters and 2.7 liters for women.
正常人每日攝入水量要根據(jù)身體活動(dòng)水平和氣候，建議男性不超過3.7升，女性不超過 2.7升。

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