> Global warming is making extreme rain and catastrophic flooding more likely
研究：全球變暖會引發更多特大暴雨和洪災

A warming world is transforming some major snowfalls over mountains into extreme rain, worsening both dangerous flooding as well as long-term water shortages, a new study has found.
一項最新研究發現，全球變暖正在將一些山區強降雪轉變成特大暴雨，從而引發危險的洪災及長期的水資源短缺。

Using rain and snow measurements since 1950 and computer simulations for future climate, scientists calculated that for every degree Fahrenheit the world warms up, extreme rainfall at higher elevation increases by 8.3%, according to a study in the journal Nature.
根據發表在《自然》雜志上的這項研究，科學家查看了1950年以來的雨雪測量結果以及對未來氣候的計算機模擬，估算出這樣一個結果：全球溫度每升高1華氏度，高海拔地區發生特大暴雨的幾率就會增加8.3%。

Heavy rain in mountains causes a lot more problems than big snow, including flooding, landslides and erosion, scientists said.
科學家指出，在山區，與強降雪相比，強降雨所引發的問題多得多，包括洪水、山體滑坡和水土流失。

And the rain is not conveniently stored away like snowpack that can recharge reservoirs in spring and summer.
因為雨水不像積雪那樣方便儲存，融化后可以在春夏兩季充盈水庫。

"It is not just a far-off problem that is projected to occur in the future, but the data is actually telling us that it’s already happening, and we see that in the data over the past few decades,” said lead author Mohammed Ombadi, a Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory hydrologist and climate scientist.
該研究的首席作者、勞倫斯伯克利國家實驗室的水文學家、氣候學家穆罕默德?翁巴迪稱：“這不是一個預計在未來發生的遙遠的問題，數據實際上告訴我們，它已經發生了，從過去幾十年的數據就能看到。”

The study looked at only the heaviest rains each year over six decades in the northern hemisphere, finding that as altitude rose, so did the turbo-charging of rain. The biggest increase in rains were noticed at about 10,000 feet (3,000 meters).
這項研究只考察了北半球60年來每年最強降雨的數據，發現隨著海拔升高，降雨的渦輪增壓也會增加。降雨量增幅最明顯的是在10000英尺（3000米）的地方。

That includes much of the American West, where Ombadi said “it’s very pronounced”, as well as parts of the Appalachian Mountains.
這就包括了美國西部的大部分地區，即翁巴迪所說的“非常明顯”的地方以及阿巴拉契亞山脈的部分地區。

Another big hotspot in Asia is the Himalayas, Tian Shan and Hindu Kush mountains, with the Alps also affected.
另外一個降雨增幅明顯的地區是亞洲的喜馬拉雅山、天山山脈和興都庫什山脈。阿爾卑斯山脈的降雨量也受到了氣候的影響。

About one in four people on Earth live in an area close enough to mountains or downhill that extreme rain and flooding would hit them, Ombadi said.
翁巴迪稱，地球上大約有四分之一的人口生活在可能遭遇特大暴雨或洪水的山區或山腳附近。

The flooding also can hurt food production, he said.
翁巴迪表示，洪水還會損害糧食生產。

He pointed to California department of agriculture estimates of $89m in crop and livestock losses from this year’s torrential rains.
他指出，美國加州農業部估計今年的暴雨將造成8900萬美元（約合人民幣6.45億元）的農作物和牲畜損失。

In the long term, another problem is water supply. When the American West gets heavy snowfall in the winter, that snow melts slowly in spring and summer, filling reservoirs, where it can be useful when it is needed later.
從長遠來看，另一個問題是供水。通常美國西部地區冬天下大雪時，積雪會在來年春夏兩季慢慢融化填充到水庫中，以供不時之需。

> Universities reopen to public visits
北大清華等高校恢復公眾開放

After more than three years, a number of top universities in China, such as Peking University and Tsinghua University, is allowing the public to enter the campus.
在經過3年的封閉管理后，日前，中國一些頂尖學府，如北京大學和清華大學發布公告，從7月8日起恢復校園預約參觀通道。

Tsinghua will allow ordinary visitors from July 8 to Aug 6, from 9 to 11 am and 2 to 4 pm.
清華大學發布公告稱，對外開放參觀時間為7月8日（周六）至8月6日（周日），允許普通訪客進入。開放日入校時間為上午9：00至11：00，下午14：00至16：00。

The university is closed to visitors on Mondays.
其中，每周一為休整日，不對外開放。

Each visitor is only allowed to visit the university once, and can book three slots for companions.
個人每人在暑期校園參觀開放期內僅能成功預約1次，最多可為同行的另外3人預約。

Group travel is open only to primary and secondary school students.
團隊參觀僅面向中小學生群體開放。

In a similar notice, Peking University said that starting from Saturday, it will open for ordinary visitors during summer and winter vacations, public holidays and weekends.
在北大發布的類似公告中明確，2023年7月8日，北京大學恢復校園預約參觀通道。一般情況下，寒暑假、法定節假日及雙休日期間，開放校園參觀。

Some other famous universities, including Fudan University, Shanghai Jiao Tong University and Wuhan University, have also announced recently that they will allow visitors.
目前，其它頂尖大學，如復旦、上海交大、武大等多家高校，也陸續宣布對社會公眾開放校園。

In a poll by Southern Metropolis Daily in late May, more than 96 percent of college students said they support the idea of opening their universities, but they also expressed concerns that it may exert more pressure on maintaining order on campus.
《南方都市報》5月底的一項民意調查結果顯示，雖然超過96%的大學生表示他們支持開放大學的想法，但他們也表示擔心，這可能會給維持校園秩序帶來更大的壓力。

Top universities have always been popular sites for travelers, especially for Chinese parents and students eager to embrace the academic atmosphere.
頂尖大學一直是熱門旅游景點，特別是對于渴望擁抱學術氛圍的中國家長和學生們來說。

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