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3月新聞熱詞匯總

中國日報網 2018-04-02 09:24

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3月,全國兩會召開,新型政黨制度、高質量發展等成為熱門詞匯;黨和國家機構改革方案出爐;臉書用戶數據泄露事件引發各界關注;中美貿易戰話題引發熱議,中朝領導人歷史性會面。

人才評價 talent evaluation

The General Office of the Communist Party of China Central Committee and the General Office of the State Council, China's Cabinet, have jointly issued a guideline on reform of the talent evaluation system. It calls for improved talent evaluation standards, innovative talent evaluation methods and accelerated reform of talent evaluation in key fields.
中共中央辦公廳、國務院辦公廳聯合印發了有關人才評價機制改革的指導意見,要求健全人才評價標準、創新人才評價方式,加快推進重點領域人才評價改革。

《意見》指出,人才評價(talent evaluation)是人才發展體制機制的重要組成部分,是人才資源開發管理和使用的前提。當前,我國人才評價機制仍存在分類評價不足、評價標準單一、評價手段趨同、評價社會化程度不高、用人主體自主權落實不夠等突出問題,存在唯學歷、唯資歷、唯論文等傾向(preferring diplomas, seniority and academic papers over actual contributions),亟需通過深化改革加以解決。

《意見》中提出的人才評價機制改革基本原則是,堅持黨管人才原則(Party leadership over talents)、堅持服務發展(development-oriented)、堅持科學公正(reasonable and fair)、堅持改革創新(focusing on reform and innovation)。

《意見》提出了四個方面的改革舉措,分別是:

分類健全人才評價標準
improving talent evaluation standards in different fields

改進和創新人才評價方式
upgrading and innovativing talent evaluation methods

加快推進重點領域人才評價改革
accelerating reform of talent evaluation in key fields

健全完善人才評價管理服務制度
improving the management and service system of talent evaluation

新型政黨制度 a new type of party system

President Xi Jinping Sunday called the system of multiparty cooperation and political consultation led by the Communist Party of China (CPC) "a great contribution to political civilization of humanity."
習近平指出,中國共產黨領導的多黨合作和政治協商制度是“對人類政治文明的重大貢獻”。

習近平指出,中國共產黨領導的多黨合作和政治協商制度作為我國一項基本政治制度,是中國共產黨、中國人民和各民主黨派、無黨派人士的偉大政治創造,是從中國土壤中生長出來的新型政黨制度(a new type of party system growing from China's soil)。

新型政黨制度新在哪兒?

新就新在:

它是馬克思主義政黨理論同中國實際相結合的產物,能夠真實、廣泛、持久代表和實現最廣大人民根本利益、全國各族各界根本利益,有效避免了舊式政黨制度代表少數人、少數利益集團的弊端;
It combines Marxist political party theories with China's reality, truly, extensively and in the long term represents fundamental interests of all people and all ethnic groups and fulfills their aspiration, avoiding the defects of the old-fashioned party system which represents only a selective few or the vested interest;

它把各個政黨和無黨派人士緊密團結起來、為著共同目標而奮斗,有效避免了一黨缺乏監督或者多黨輪流坐莊、惡性競爭的弊端;

It unites all political parties and people without party affiliation toward a common goal, effectively preventing the flaws of the absence of oversight in one-party rule or power rotation and nasty competition among multiple political parties;
它通過制度化、程序化、規范化的安排集中各種意見和建議、推動決策科學化民主化,有效避免了舊式政黨制度囿于黨派利益、階級利益、區域和集團利益決策施政導致社會撕裂的弊端。

It pools ideas and suggestions through institutional, procedural, and standardized arrangements and develops a scientific and democratic decision making mechanism. It steers away from another weakness of the old-fashioned party system, in which decision making and governance, confined by interests of different political parties, classes, regions and groups, tears the society apart.
它不僅符合當代中國實際,而且符合中華民族一貫倡導的天下為公、兼容并蓄、求同存異等優秀傳統文化,是對人類政治文明的重大貢獻。

預算審查監督 review and supervision on budget

A guideline issued by the General Office of the Communist Party of China (CPC) Central Committee has outlined how Chinese legislatures' review and supervision concerning expenditure budget and relevant policies will be enhanced.
中共中央辦公廳印發了有關人大預算審查監督向支出預算和政策拓展的指導意見。

《意見》指出,實施人大預算審查監督重點向支出預算和政策拓展(strengthening the people's congresses' review and supervision over expenditure budget and policies),是依法加強和改進人大預算審查監督工作(review and supervision on budget)的內在要求,是建立和完善中國特色社會主義預算審查監督制度的重要舉措(an important measure to establish and perfect the budget review and supervision system with Chinese characteristics)。

《意見》提出,按照黨中央改革部署要求和預算法、監督法規定,人大對支出預算和政策開展全口徑審查和全過程監管,主要內容包括:支出預算的總量與結構(the total amount and structure of expenditure budget)、重點支出與重大投資項目(key expenditures and major investment projects)、部門預算(budgets of various Party and governmental departments)、財政轉移支付(the implementation of transfer payment budgets)、政府債務(government debts)。

品質革命 quality revolution

2018年政府工作報告提出:

全面開展質量提升行動,推進與國際先進水平對標達標,弘揚工匠精神,來一場中國制造的品質革命。
Taking steps in all sectors to improve quality, we will work toward meeting the highest international standards, encourage the spirit of workmanship, and ignite a revolution in the quality of Chinese-made goods.

“品質革命(quality revolution)”一詞首次出現是在2016年5月11日國務院常務會議上,指一系列為了增加消費品種類、提升商品品質、創建知名品牌而進行的改革,旨在滿足人們不斷升級的消費需求。

做細做實中國制造,就要讓品質成為從日用品到高精尖領域等各行各業共同追求的目標,對產品生產到售后的每一個環節都高標準、嚴要求(every industry link from production to after-sales service should live up to a high standard),一把尺子量到底;做大做強中國“質”造,就要加快培養技能型勞動者大軍(a skilled labor force should be cultivated),“向人才要紅利”,更要讓工匠精神滲入每件產品、每道工序,凡事不做則已,做則做到極致完美;做高做精中國“智”造,就要重視科技創新(focus on technological innovation),摒棄抄襲仿造,專注研發屬于自己的、名副其實的原創高附加值產品(develop original high added-value products)。

兩會 Two Sessions

5日上午9時,十三屆全國人大一次會議開幕,國務院總理李克強作政府工作報告。政府工作報告中首次出現的這五個新表述值得留意:

新表述1:高質量發展 high-quality development

[報告原文]

"按照高質量發展的要求,統籌推進'五位一體'總體布局和協調推進'四個全面'戰略布局,堅持以供給側結構性改革為主線,統籌推進穩增長、促改革、調結構、惠民生、防風險各項工作";
Heed the requirement that development must be high quality; coordinate efforts to pursue the five-sphere integrated plan and the four-pronged comprehensive strategy; continue to regard supply-side structural reform as our main task; coordinate all work to maintain stable growth, promote reform, make structural adjustments, improve living standards, and guard against risk.

"上述主要預期目標,考慮了決勝全面建成小康社會需要,符合我國經濟已由高速增長階段轉向高質量發展階段實際";
The above targets take into consideration the need to secure a decisive victory in building a moderately prosperous society in all respects, and are fitting given the fact that China's economy is transitioning from a phase of rapid growth to a stage of high-quality development.

"國有企業要通過改革創新,走在高質量發展前列";
Our SOEs should, through reform and innovation, become front-runners in pursuing high-quality development.

"進一步拓展開放范圍和層次,完善開放結構布局和體制機制,以高水平開放推動高質量發展"。
China will further expand the scope and raise the quality of its opening up; the structure, layout, institutions, and mechanisms for opening up will be improved, and we will use high-standard opening up to generate high-quality development.

新表述2:現代化經濟體系 modernized economy

[報告原文]

"要著力解決發展不平衡不充分問題,圍繞建設現代化經濟體系,堅持質量第一、效益優先,促進經濟結構優化升級。要尊重經濟規律,遠近結合,確保經濟運行在合理區間,實現經濟平穩增長和質量效益提高互促共進。"
We will devote attention to addressing unbalanced and insufficient development. Centering on developing a modernized economy, we will put quality first and give priority to performance, and promote economic structural improvement and upgrading. We must respect objective economic laws, consider both long-and near-term needs, ensure the economy performs within a reasonable range, and achieve a situation in which steady economic growth and improvement in quality and performance reinforce each other.

新表述3:三大攻堅戰(防范化解重大風險、精準脫貧、污染防治) three critical battles against potential risk, poverty, and pollution

[報告原文]

"抓好決勝全面建成小康社會三大攻堅戰。要分別提出工作思路和具體舉措,排出時間表、路線圖、優先序,確保風險隱患得到有效控制,確保脫貧攻堅任務全面完成,確保生態環境質量總體改善";
We will ensure success in the three critical battles against potential risk, poverty, and pollution, battles that are important for decisively bringing to completion the building of a moderately prosperous society in all respects. We need to adopt targeted approaches and specific measures, draw up timetables and roadmaps, and set well-defined priorities. We will make sure risks and potential dangers are effectively controlled, make sure poverty alleviation is fully accomplished, and make sure there is an overall improvement in the quality of the environment.

"優化財政支出結構,提高財政支出的公共性、普惠性,加大對三大攻堅戰的支持,更多向創新驅動、'三農'、民生等領域傾斜";
We will improve the structure of budgetary spending, making sure that more financial allocations are used for the public good and universal benefit, increasing support for the three critical battles against potential risk, poverty, and pollution, and weighting spending toward innovation-driven development, agriculture, rural areas, and rural residents, and the improvement of living standards.

"堅決打好三大攻堅戰,要圍繞完成年度攻堅任務,明確各方責任,強化政策保障,把各項工作做實做好。"
Fighting three critical battles. To fulfill our key annual tasks, we need to make everyone involved clear about their responsibilities, strengthen policy implementation, and ensure that every element of work is done to good, solid effect.

新表述4:"三大變革"(質量變革、效率變革、動力變革) change in quality, change in efficiency, and change in growth drivers

[報告原文]

"堅持以供給側結構性改革為主線,統籌推進穩增長、促改革、調結構、惠民生、防風險各項工作,大力推進改革開放,創新和完善宏觀調控,推動質量變革、效率變革、動力變革"。
Continue to regard supply-side structural reform as our main task; coordinate all work to maintain stable growth, promote reform, make structural adjustments, improve living standards, and guard against risk; work hard to reform and open up further; explore new ideas on and improve macro regulation; promote a change in quality, change in efficiency, and change in growth drivers.

新表述5:鄉村振興戰略 rural revitalization strategy

[報告原文]

"大力實施鄉村振興戰略。科學制定規劃,健全城鄉融合發展體制機制,依靠改革創新壯大鄉村發展新動能";
Making strong moves in the rural revitalization strategy. Plans will be well designed and the institutions and mechanisms needed to achieve integrated urban-rural development will be improved. We will rely on reform and innovation to build powerful new growth drivers for rural development.

"我們要堅持走中國特色社會主義鄉村振興道路,加快實現農業農村現代化。"
We will continue to pursue a Chinese path to socialist rural revitalization, and work faster to achieve agricultural and rural modernization.

政德 political virtue

President Xi Jinping on Saturday underlined a "clean and upright" political ecology and urged leading officials to uphold rule of law. Xi, also general secretary of the Communist Party of China (CPC) Central Committee and chairman of the Central Military Commission, compared political ecology to natural ecology that can be easily polluted and, if damaged, will cost a huge price to be rehabilitated, at a panel discussion with deputies to the 13th National People's Congress from southwestern municipality of Chongqing.
3月10日,中共中央總書記、國家主席、中央軍委主席習近平參加十三屆全國人大一次會議重慶代表團的審議時提出,要形成風清氣正的政治生態,并要求領導干部堅持法治。他強調,政治生態同自然生態一樣,稍不注意就容易受到污染,一旦出現問題再想恢復就要付出很大代價。

習近平指出,形成風清氣正的政治生態(clean and upright political ecology),是旗幟鮮明講政治、堅決維護黨中央權威和集中統一領導的政治要求(an essential requirement for safeguarding the authority and centralized and unified leadership of the CPC Central Committee),是持之以恒正風肅紀、推動全面從嚴治黨向縱深發展的迫切需要(an urgent need for ensuring full and strict governance over the Party),是鍛造優良黨風政風、確保改革發展目標順利實現的重要保障(a vital guarantee for fulfilling reform and development targets)。

在講話中,習近平提出4個“要”,將風清氣正政治生態的路徑闡釋得入木三分。

——要加強教育引導(strengthen education and guidance),注重破立并舉,抓住“關鍵少數”,推動各級領導干部自覺擔當領導責任和示范責任(leading officials should demonstrate leadership and set an example),把自己擺進去、把思想擺進去、把工作擺進去,形成“頭雁效應”。

——要堅持法治、反對人治(uphold rule of law, oppose rule of man),對憲法法律始終保持敬畏之心(hold in awe of the Constitution),帶頭在憲法法律范圍內活動(exercise their duty within the boundaries of the Constitution and laws),嚴格依照法定權限、規則、程序行使權力、履行職責,做到心中高懸法紀明鏡、手中緊握法紀戒尺,知曉為官做事尺度。

——要牢固樹立“四個意識”,嚴格遵守黨的政治紀律和政治規矩(abide by political rules),堅決維護黨中央權威和集中統一領導(safeguard the authority and centralized and unified leadership of the CPC Central Committee),確保黨的路線方針政策和黨中央決策部署不折不扣得到貫徹落實(absolutely implement the Party's lines, principles and policies, and decisions by the CPC Central Committee)。

——要既講法治又講德治(uphold both rule of law and rule of virtue),重視發揮道德教化作用,把法律和道德的力量、法治和德治的功能緊密結合起來,把自律和他律緊密結合起來,引導全社會積極培育和踐行社會主義核心價值觀,樹立良好道德風尚,防止封建腐朽道德文化沉渣泛起(promote core socialist values and prevent relapse of negative elements in traditional values)。

習近平還在講話中系統闡釋了“政德”的核心要義,即明大德、守公德、嚴私德。

——明大德(setting the political virtue),就是要鑄牢理想信念(stay firm with their political ideals and convictions)、錘煉堅強黨性(enhance Party consciousness),在大是大非面前旗幟鮮明(make a clear stance on key issues),在風浪考驗面前無所畏懼,在各種誘惑面前立場堅定,這是領導干部首先要修好的“大德”。

——守公德(maintaining good public virtue),就是要強化宗旨意識,全心全意為人民服務(commit themselves to serving the people whole-heartedly),恪守立黨為公、執政為民理念,自覺踐行人民對美好生活的向往就是我們的奮斗目標的承諾(deliver the promise of striving for the people's needs for a better life),做到心底無私天地寬。

——嚴私德(strictly guarding the individual virtue),就是要嚴格約束自己的操守和行為。所有黨員、干部都要戒貪止欲、克己奉公,切實把人民賦予的權力用來造福于人民。要把家風建設擺在重要位置,廉潔修身,廉潔齊家,防止“枕邊風”成為貪腐的導火索(don't let pillow talk lead you down to corruption),防止子女打著自己的旗號非法牟利(don't let your children engage in self-dealing using your name),防止身邊人把自己“拉下水”(don't be dragged into the "muddy water" by people around you)。

快應用 fast app

The top 10 Chinese smartphone vendors, including Huawei Technologies Co Ltd and Xiaomi Corp, joined hands on Tuesday to promote technical standards for "fast apps," which are designed to compete against Tencent Holdings Ltd's mini programs.
3月20日,華為、小米等國內十大智能手機廠商聯合推出“快應用”技術標準,以對抗騰訊旗下的小程序。

快應用(fast app)是基于手機硬件平臺的新型應用生態,用戶無需下載安裝APP便可以即點即用。從產品特性來看,快應用與微信小程序高度相似。與小程序內置于微信不同的是,快應用直接與手機操作系統關聯(directly linked to the mobile operating systems of phones)。

快應用技術標準確定后,開發者在一處上傳的某個快應用可在10家廠商的手機上線,形成統一的快應用門戶(fast app portal)。除了標準化的發布流程、完善的開發者文檔、工具及論壇支持外,未來,快應用開放平臺還會開放開發者服務支持,如消息推送(push notifications)、帳號接入(acount access)、支付接入(payment)、數據服務(data services)等。

特長生加分政策 preferential policy of bonus points

The ministry will stop giving bonus points to students who have exceptional sports ability, who have won academic Olympiads or science and technology competitions, who are named "provincial-level excellent students" or those who have performed "righteous and courageous deeds", according to a statement posted on its website.
教育部網站的信息顯示,將全面取消體育特長生、中學生學科奧林匹克競賽、科技類競賽、省級優秀學生、思想政治品德有突出事跡等全國性高考加分項目。

特長生加分政策(preferential policy of bonus points)是指針對擁有體育、文藝等方面專長的學生(students with special talent in sports or artistic field),經過專業部門的測試后,在高考成績之外給予一定的加分。

2011年教育部、國家民委、公安部、國家體育總局、中國科協等五部門聯合發文規范和調整部分高考加分項目。截至2014年5月,31個省份均已正式出臺高考新政,其中高考加分政策大規模調整,大幅減少全國奧賽科技類加分、體育特長生加分和地方性加分項目,其他加分項目分值普遍由20分降至10分內。

特長生加分項目取消以后,如何才能進入心儀的大學呢?答案是,參與大學的自主招生(independent college admission)。

Currently, 90 universities have allocated 5 percent of their enrollment slots to independent admissions designed for students with special talents. They admit more than 20,000 students every year.
目前,全國有90所高校將百分之五的招生名額留給參加自主招生的特長生,每年錄取的特長生超過2萬名。

中央廣播電視總臺 central radio and television station

近日,中共中央印發了《深化黨和國家機構改革方案》,并發出通知,要求各地區各部門結合實際認真貫徹執行。方案提出:組建中央廣播電視總臺。

The reform involves restructuring dozens of central departments. Among them, a notable move is the establishing of a central station for radio and television, which will bring together the current China Central Television, China National Radio and China Radio International.
改革方案涉及多個中央國家機構的重組,其中值得注意的是,將整合中央電視臺(中國國際電視臺)、中央人民廣播電臺、中國國際廣播電臺,組建中央廣播電視總臺。

中央廣播電視總臺(central radio and television station)的主要職責是,宣傳黨的理論和路線方針政策(publicize the theories and policies of the Party),統籌組織重大宣傳報道,組織廣播電視創作生產(organize major journalistic events and the production of radio and television products),制作和播出廣播電視精品(produce and broadcast high-quality works of radio and television),引導社會熱點,加強和改進輿論監督(strengthen the media's supervision),推動多媒體融合發展,加強國際傳播能力建設,講好中國故事(enhance the capability of international communications to tell good China stories)等。

組建中央廣播電視總臺旨在加強黨對重要輿論陣地的集中建設和管理(strengthen the Party's leadership over public opinion ),增強廣播電視媒體整體實力和競爭力(make the whole TV and broadcasting industry more competitive),推動廣播電視媒體、新興媒體融合發展(the development of the TV and broadcasting industry must be combined with the development of new media)。

貿易戰 trade war

Chinese Ambassador to the US Cui Tiankai said China doesn't want a trade war with the US or with anybody else, but China is not afraid of it.
中國駐美大使崔天凱表示,中國不希望和美國或任何國家打貿易戰,但絕不害怕。

美國總統特朗普22日在白宮簽署總統備忘錄(signed a presidential memorandum),依據"301調查(Section 301 investigation)"結果,將對價值600億美元從中國進口的商品征收關稅(impose tariffs on up to $60 billion of Chinese imports),并限制中國企業對美投資并購。23日,商務部發布了針對美國進口鋼鐵和鋁產品232措施的中止減讓產品清單,擬對自美進口部分產品加征關稅(consider a tariff increase on imports of some products from the US),以平衡因美國對進口鋼鐵和鋁產品加征關稅給中方利益造成的損失(make up for losses caused by US tariffs on Chinese steel and aluminum products)。

中國駐美大使崔天凱22日表示中國不希望和美國或任何國家打貿易戰(trade war),但如果有人要把貿易戰強加中國,我們會戰斗,我們會盡一切力量保護我們合法利益(China will take all necessary measures to defend its rights and interests),維護全球貿易體系。崔大使表示,他要告訴那些要打貿易戰的人:"我們一定會反擊,我們會報復。如果有人玩厲害的,我們就和他們玩厲害的,看誰更持久。"(We will certainly fight back. We will retaliate. If people want to play tough, we will play tough with them, and see who will last longer.)

數據泄露 data breach

European Union and British lawmakers demanded on Tuesday that Facebook should clarify data breach following revelations that personal data was massively misused for political purposes. Facebook CEO Zuckerberg on Thursday admitted that the social media giant "made mistakes".
社交媒體巨頭臉書的大量用戶數據被政治利用的消息傳出后,歐盟和英國議會20日要求臉書就數據泄露一事作出說明。22日,臉書首席執行官扎克伯格承認公司"犯下錯誤"。

美國《紐約時報》和英國《衛報》近日曝光,臉書上超過5000萬用戶的數據被一家名為"劍橋分析"的數據挖礦公司獲取(the data of more that 50 million Facebook users were harvested by a data-mining firm named Cambridge Analytica),并在2016年美國總統大選中被用于針對目標受眾推送廣告,從而影響大選結果。消息一出,臉書市值蒸發數百億美元。各方批評臉書無能,呼吁引入法規,加強監管。

扎克伯格22日發聲明稱:臉書有責任保護用戶的數據,如果沒有做到,我們就不配為用戶提供服務(Facebook has a responsibility to protect its users' data and if it fails, we don't deserve to serve you)。這次事件破壞了臉書和用戶之間的信任(a breach of trust)。我們將從事件中汲取教訓,進一步鞏固平臺的安全性(learn from this experience to secure our platform further)。

扎克伯格還表示,針對此次數據泄露(data breach)事件,臉書將對所有存在可疑行為的應用進行全面審查(conduct a full audit of any app with suspicious activity);禁止服務不同意進行徹底審查的開發者(ban any developer that did not agree to a thorough audit);禁止服務違規使用用戶個人身份信息的開發者等。

婚前協議 prenuptial agreement

According to British media, Prince Harry has decided not to sign a prenuptial agreement before his May 19 marriage to Meghan Markle.
據英媒報道,哈里王子已決定,他和梅根·馬克爾5月19日結婚前不會簽署婚前協議。

據《每日郵報》報道,哈里王子的一位朋友透露,哈里為證明他對未婚妻的忠誠,拒絕簽署可保障其3000萬英鎊身家的婚前協議(rejected signing a prenuptial agreement to safeguard his £30 million fortune)。這位消息人士稱:"哈里從來沒有想過簽署婚前協議這些問題,他確定他的婚姻能夠長久(He's determined that his marriage will be a lasting one),所以他不需要簽署任何東西。"

此前有流言稱,英國王室要求哈里簽署婚前協議,以保護其名下財產。梅根與第一任丈夫、美國電影制作人特里沃·伊格森結婚兩年后分道揚鑣。據報道,哈里王子從生母戴安娜王妃那里繼承了約1000萬英鎊遺產(approximately £10 million inheritance from Princess Diana),除此之外其名下還有約2000萬英鎊的資產。梅根依靠其演藝事業(acting career)和廣告代言(endorsements),目前身家約500萬美元。在英國,婚前協議并不具備法律約束力,但在離婚案中越來越被視作重要參考(prenups are not legally enforceable in the UK, but are increasingly taken into account during divorce cases)。

驅逐外交官 expulsion of diplomats

The United States and its European allies are expelling dozens of Russian diplomats in a co-ordinated response to the poisoning of a former Russian spy in the UK.
美國及其歐洲盟友驅逐數十位俄羅斯外交官以協同應對前俄羅斯特工在英國中毒事件。

Expel這個詞意思很直接,就是“開除、驅逐、排出”,一般來說,某人被學校或單位開除可以用someone was expelled from school/company。我們這里所說的“俄羅斯外交官被驅逐出歐美各國”完整表達出來就是Russian diplomats will be expelled from the US and dozens of European countries.

3月4日,前俄英雙重間諜(double agent)謝爾蓋?斯克里帕利及其女兒尤利婭在英國索爾茲伯里被發現失去意識,后期檢測發現二人所中為某種神經毒劑(nerve agent)。英國指責俄羅斯與此事有關,俄羅斯堅決否認牽涉其中(Russia denied any involvement)。

目前已有二十多個國家與英國采取一致行動(more than 20 countries have aligned with the UK),宣布將驅逐100多名俄外交官,其中包括:美國、發過、德國、波蘭、捷克共和國、立陶宛、丹麥、荷蘭、意大利、西班牙等。

Iceland has also announced it is suspending high-level dialogue with Russian authorities, and its leaders will not attend the World Cup, which starts in Russia in June.
冰島還宣布暫停與俄羅斯政府的高級別對話,同時,該國領導人不會出席6月的俄羅斯世界杯期間的活動。

The UK said earlier this month it would not send ministers or members of the Royal Family to the football tournament.
英國在本月初也表示部長級官員或王室成員不會出席俄羅斯世界杯期間的活動。

對于歐美國家的統一行動,俄羅斯外交部發表聲明稱,各國驅逐俄外交官旨在加劇緊張局勢和對抗。

"It goes without saying that this unfriendly act by this group of countries will not go without notice and we will react to it," its statement said.
俄羅斯外交部在聲明中表示:“毫無疑問,我們不會無視這些國家集體采取的不友好行為,并將對此采取回應行動。”

洋垃圾 foreign garbage

The 2018-20 action plan for implementation of the country's reform plan to ban waste imports and the 2018 action plan for inspections on pollution caused by processing imported waste were approved on Monday by the first executive meeting of the newly established Ministry of Ecology and Environment.
生態環境部26日召開第一次常務會議,通過了關于全面落實禁止洋垃圾入境改革實施方案的2018—2020年行動方案,以及進口固體廢物加工利用企業環境違法問題專項督查2018年行動方案。

洋垃圾(foreign garbage),指進口固體廢物(imported solid waste),有時又特指以走私、夾帶等方式進口國家禁止進口的固體廢物(banned solid waste smuggled into China)或未經許可擅自進口屬于限制進口的固體廢物。

2017年7月18日,中國正式通知世界貿易組織,從2017年年底開始將不再接收外來垃圾,包括廢棄塑膠(plastic waste)、紙類(paper waste)及紡織品(fabrics)等。

生態環境部有關負責人表示,禁止洋垃圾入境是黨中央、國務院在新時期新形勢下作出的一項重大決策部署,是我國生態文明建設的標志性舉措(a landmark measure for the country's construction of an ecological civilization)。“要堅定不移、不折不扣地落實好這項工作。要著眼于推動高質量發展,統籌考慮行動方案目標任務,全面提升我國固體廢物污染防治水平(improve China's capability in solid waste pollution control)。要加強部門間協調溝通,加大信息共享及聯動執法力度,建立長效工作機制(a long-term working procedure featuring information sharing and coordinated law enforcement will be established)。要進一步完善監管制度,強化洋垃圾非法入境管控(the border controls on illegal foreign garbage will be intensified),深入實施全過程監管(the entire process in the industry will be inspected),確保各項任務落實到位。”

快遞業新規 new rules for the express delivery sector

New rules have been announced for the express delivery sector, demanding companies use eco-friendly, biodegradable and reusable packaging materials.
我國頒布快遞業新規,要求企業使用環保、可生物降解、可重復利用的包裝材料。

27日,我國第一部專門針對快遞業的行業法規《快遞暫行條例》(以下簡稱《條例》)出臺,新規將自5月1日起施行(be set to take effect on May 1)。《條例》規定要加強消費者保護(improve the protection of consumers)、應對包括信息安全和包裝廢棄物等新問題(tackle emerging problems, including information security and packaging waste)。經營快遞業務的企業及其從業人員(enterprises or individuals engaging in express delivery services)出售或泄露用戶信息(sell or disclose users' information),情節嚴重的將面臨最高被處以10萬元的罰款(face a maximum 100,000 yuan penalty)。此外,《條例》還規定快遞服務企業要在七天內處理投訴問題(deal with complaints within seven days),否則將受到行政處罰(administrative penalty)。

國家郵政局方面稱,《條例》是在我國快遞業實現發展的基礎上制定的。數據顯示,快遞業近十年發展迅猛,2017年全國快遞業務量完成了400.6億件,是2007年的33.4倍,年均增長達到42%(average annual growth of 42%),連續四年業務量位居世界第一(top the world for four straight years in terms of volume)。2017年我國快遞業營收達4950億元(see 495 billion yuan worth of revenue)。

習近平同金正恩舉行會談 Xi Jinping, Kim Jong Un hold talks

At the invitation of Xi Jinping, general secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China (CPC) and Chinese president, Kim Jong Un, chairman of the Workers' Party of Korea (WPK) and chairman of the State Affairs Commission of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (DPRK), paid an unofficial visit to China from Sunday to Wednesday. During the visit, Xi held talks with Kim at the Great Hall of the People in Beijing.
應中共中央總書記、國家主席習近平邀請,朝鮮勞動黨委員長、國務委員會委員長金正恩于3月25日至28日對我國進行非正式訪問。訪問期間,習近平在人民大會堂同金正恩舉行會談。

The two leaders thoroughly exchanged views on the situation of the world and the Korean Peninsula.
雙方領導人就國際和朝鮮半島形勢深入交換意見。

Xi said that positive changes had taken place on the Korean Peninsula since this year, and China appreciates the important efforts made by the DPRK. On the Korean Peninsula issue, Xi said that China sticks to the goal of denuclearization of the peninsula, safeguarding peace and stability on the peninsula and solving problems through dialogue and consultation. China calls on all parties to support the improvement of inter-Korean ties, and take concrete efforts to facilitate peace talks, said Xi, noting that China will continue to play constructive role on the issue and work with all parties, including the DPRK, toward the thaw of the situation on the peninsula.
習近平指出,今年以來,朝鮮半島形勢發生積極變化。朝方為此作出了重要努力,我們對此表示贊賞。在半島問題上,我們堅持實現半島無核化目標、維護半島和平穩定、通過對話協商解決問題。我們呼吁各方支持半島北南雙方改善關系,共同為勸和促談作出切實努力。中方愿在半島問題上繼續發揮建設性作用,同包括朝方在內的各方一道努力,共同推動半島形勢走向緩和。

Kim said that the situation on the Korean Peninsula is starting to get better, as the DPRK has taken the initiative to ease tensions and put forward proposals for peace talks. "It is our consistent stand to be committed to denuclearization on the peninsula, in accordance with the will of late President Kim Il Sung and late General Secretary Kim Jong Il," he said. Kim said that the DPRK is determined to transform the inter-Korean ties into a relationship of reconciliation and cooperation and hold summit between the heads of the two sides. The DPRK is willing to have dialogue with the United States and hold a summit of the two countries, he said. "The issue of denuclearization of the Korean Peninsula can be resolved, if south Korea and the United States respond to our efforts with goodwill, create an atmosphere of peace and stability while taking progressive and synchronous measures for the realization of peace," said Kim. The DPRK hopes to enhance strategic communication with China during the process, jointly safeguard the trend of consultation and dialogue as well as peace and stability on the peninsula, said Kim.
金正恩表示,當前朝鮮半島形勢開始向好發展。我們主動采取了措施緩和緊張局勢,提出了和平對話建議。按照金日成主席和金正日總書記的遺訓,致力于實現半島無核化,是我們始終不變的立場。我們決心將北南關系轉變為和解合作的關系,舉行北南首腦會晤,愿意同美方對話,舉行朝美首腦會晤。如果南朝鮮和美國以善意回應我們的努力,營造和平穩定的氛圍,為實現和平采取階段性、同步的措施,半島無核化問題是能夠得到解決的。在這一進程中,我們希望同中方加強戰略溝通,共同維護協商對話勢頭和半島和平穩定。

沙塵天氣 sandy and dusty weather

The Beijing Meteorological Service issued a warning on Wednesday morning on sandy and dusty weather in the city.
北京市氣象局3月28日早晨發布沙塵天氣預警。

Sand blew in from Mongolia on Monday, affecting an area of 1.5 million square kilometers as of Wednesday noon, including the Inner Mongolia autonomous region; Shanxi, Hebei and Jilin provinces; and Beijing and Tianjin municipalities, the China Meteorological Administration said.
據中央氣象臺介紹,此次沙塵源自蒙古國,覆蓋范圍涉及內蒙古、山西、河北、吉林,以及北京、天津等地,影響面積約150萬平方公里。

The sand worsened air quality so much in many places that it exceed the ability of equipment to measure it, the administration said.
中央氣象臺介紹,此次沙塵天氣強度大,造成多地空氣質量爆表。

監測顯示,北京地區28日5時至7時,PM10小時濃度瞬間由282微克/立方米飆升到接近2000微克/立方米,定陵達3157微克/立方米,同時,北京大部PM2.5峰值濃度為180~335微克/立方米,出現混合型嚴重污染。

PM2.5與PM10有何區別

PM2.5是指大氣中直徑小于或等于2.5微米的顆粒物(particulate matter smaller than 2.5 micrometers in diameter),可直接進入人體的肺泡(alveoli of the lungs),也稱為可入肺顆粒物。它的直徑還不到人的頭發絲粗細的1/20。雖然PM2.5只是地球大氣成分中含量很少的組分,但它對空氣質量和能見度(air quality and visibility)等有重要的影響。與較粗的大氣顆粒物相比,PM2.5粒徑小,富含大量的有毒、有害物質(toxic and hazardous matters)且在大氣中的停留時間長、輸送距離遠,因而對人體健康和大氣環境質量的影響更大。

PM10是可吸入顆粒物(inhalable particulate matter),一般名稱上講可吸入顆粒物指的是PM10,就是說這個空氣中顆粒物的直徑從空氣動力學來講直徑大小是十個微米,是能夠吸入呼吸道的,從上呼吸道,通過聲門能夠到下呼吸道,所以它叫可吸入顆粒物PM10。

此次沙塵是何原因導致?

中央氣象臺介紹,3月以來,我國北方地區降水偏少(little rain),氣溫偏高(higher than normal temperature),其中內蒙古中部及華北等地降水偏少三至八成,氣溫偏高2℃至6℃,加之北方地區地表土壤已基本解凍(with surface soil thawing),氣象條件總體有利于沙塵天氣的生成。而且本次影響我國北方地區的氣旋發展強盛,從蒙古國起源的沙塵天氣(sand blew in from Mongolia),隨氣旋東移發展攜帶上游的沙塵,一路向西影響到京津冀及東北地區。

沙塵和霾為何會同時出現?

生態環境部中國環境監測總站首席預報員牛莉莉介紹,霧霾和沙塵同時出現并不是偶然現象。之前華北地區26日至28日有PM2.5為主的污染過程,西北方向冷空氣攜沙塵而來,冷空氣原本對于PM2.5是比較有利的擴散條件(the cold air was supposed to be a favorbale condition to disperse PM2.5),然而冷空氣同時也帶來沙塵,導致沙塵沉降,產生PM10(it brought sand and dust on its way, resulting in higher PM10)。前期不利氣象條件生成了PM2.5,同時又傳輸過來PM10,就同時出現PM2.5和PM10。

中央氣象臺預計,未來10天,冷空氣(cold fronts)和氣旋(cyclone)活動較為活躍,新疆南疆盆地、內蒙古中西部、西北地區東部等地多揚沙或浮塵天氣(sandy or dusty weather),局地有沙塵暴(sandstorms)。

增值稅減稅 VAT cut

China will cut value-added tax rates as part of a tax reduction package amounting to 400 billion yuan ($63.58 billion) this year to drive high-quality development, a State Council executive meeting chaired by Premier Li Keqiang decided on Wednesday.
國務院總理李克強28日主持召開國務院常務會議,決定降低增值稅稅率,以促進高質量發展,全年減稅規模將達4000億元。

增值稅(value-added tax,VAT)的主要特點是以銷項稅(output tax)減去進項稅(input tax),讓納稅人只為產品和服務的增值部分納稅。

會議決定,從2018年5月1日起:

一是將制造業等行業增值稅稅率從17%降至16%,將交通運輸、建筑、基礎電信服務等行業及農產品等貨物的增值稅稅率從11%降至10%。
The tax rate for manufacturing will be lowered from 17 percent to 16 percent, and for transportation, construction, basic telecommunications services and farm produce from 11 percent to 10 percent.

二是統一增值稅小規模納稅人標準。將工業企業和商業企業小規模納稅人的年銷售額標準由50萬元和80萬元上調至500萬元,并在一定期限內允許已登記為一般納稅人的企業轉登記為小規模納稅人。
The meeting also decided to unify the standard for small-scale taxpayers, which raises the threshold of taxable annual sales volume for industrial and commercial enterprises from 500,000 yuan and 800,000 yuan, respectively, to 5 million yuan. Enterprises registered as general taxpayers will be allowed to switch their status to small-scale taxpayers within a given time.

三是對裝備制造等先進制造業、研發等現代服務業符合條件的企業和電網企業在一定時期內未抵扣完的進項稅額予以一次性退還。
As part of the tax cut package, eligible enterprises in advanced manufacturing, services and electric utilities shall receive a lump-sum refund for their initial input VAT payments yet to be deducted.

實施上述三項措施,全年將減輕市場主體稅負超過4000億元,內外資企業都將同等受益(this round of tax cuts will apply to all manufacturing companies, be they domestic companies, joint ventures or wholly foreign owned companies)。

(中國日報網英語點津 馬文英)

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