二、為實現理想不懈奮斗
II. Realizing the Ideals of the Party

奮斗，是中國共產黨的鮮明品質。中國的革命、建設、改革，是在復雜的內外環境中進行的，道路之險、挑戰之多世所罕見。100年來，黨遭遇過艱難險阻，經歷過生死考驗，付出過慘烈犧牲，但始終奮斗不止。黨的百年發展史，就是在馬克思主義指引下，堅定信念、勇于探索、百折不撓、頑強不屈的不懈奮斗史。
Struggle is a distinctive attribute of the CPC. In a complex domestic and international environment, China has encountered unprecedented difficulties and challenges in its revolution, reconstruction, and reform. Since it was founded a hundred years ago, the Party has never given up on the struggle, whatever hardships, existential trials, or bitter sacrifices it faced. These hundred years have seen the Party fight on, guided by Marxism, and buttressed by firm convictions, an enterprising spirit, and unyielding determination.

（一）堅持科學理論指導
1. Upholding Marxism

馬克思主義是中國共產黨的根本指導思想，是黨的靈魂，是指引黨不斷前行的光輝旗幟。中國共產黨為什么能，中國特色社會主義為什么好，歸根到底是因為馬克思主義行。黨的奮斗歷史，就是不斷推進馬克思主義中國化的歷史，就是不斷推進理論創新、進行理論創造的理論探索史。
Marxism is the single guiding ideology, the very soul of the CPC, and the banner under which it strives. Fundamentally, the strength of the Party and the strength of socialism with Chinese characteristics are attributable to the fact that Marxism works. The Party's history of struggle is a process of continuing to adapt Marxism to the Chinese context and to explore creative and innovative ideas.

把馬克思主義寫在自己的旗幟上。馬克思主義深刻揭示了自然界、人類社會、人類思維發展的普遍規律，為人類社會發展進步指明了方向，極大推進了人類文明進程。馬克思主義提出的共產主義、社會主義理想，與中華文明重民本、尚和合、求大同的理念相契合，與中國歷代有志之士追求民富國強的夢想相適應，與近代以來中國先進分子救亡圖存的愿望相一致。更為可貴的是，馬克思主義不僅提出了共產主義的遠大理想，而且指明了實現這個理想的方法和路徑。馬克思主義傳入中國后，中國共產黨的早期創立者，經過親身實踐、審慎思考、反復推求，選擇了馬克思主義。中國共產黨人一旦選擇了馬克思主義，就一以貫之、堅定不移地堅持它、發展它、維護它，從來沒有動搖過、改變過、放棄過。
Inscribing Marxism on its own banner. Marxism reveals the universal laws of the natural world, human society, and the human mind, pointing the direction for humanity and human civilization to progress. The communist and socialist ideals expounded in Marxism tally with Chinese cultural values such as a people-centered orientation, harmony, and unity in diversity. They are consistent with the dream pursued by noble and idealistic Chinese for generations – to build a strong and prosperous nation. And they accord with the aspiration of Chinese progressives, dating back to the Opium War, to rescue the nation from subjugation. A key feature of Marxism is that it not only defines the ideals of communism, but also specifies the ways and means by which they can be achieved. When Marxism was introduced to China, the founders of the CPC first reflected on it and conducted careful analysis, then gained hands-on experience, and finally chose to embrace it wholeheartedly. Since China's Communists chose Marxism, they have remained firm in upholding and developing it. Never have they wavered in their commitment, deviated from its goals, or abandoned it in favor of other options.

把馬克思主義作為認識世界、把握規律、追求真理、改造世界的強大思想武器，而不是一成不變的教條。同實際結合，同群眾結合，是中國共產黨運用馬克思主義解決中國問題具有的特點和優點。100年來，黨不斷推進馬克思主義中國化時代化，不斷開辟馬克思主義新境界，產生了毛澤東思想、鄧小平理論、“三個代表”重要思想、科學發展觀，產生了習近平新時代中國特色社會主義思想，為黨和人民事業發展提供了科學理論指導，為豐富和發展馬克思主義作出重大原創性貢獻。
Using Marxism as a powerful ideological weapon to seek the truth, understand the world and its laws, and transform it, rather than applying rigid dogma. Respecting reality and combining with the people are the characteristics and strengths of the CPC. Over the past hundred years, the CPC has continued to adapt Marxism to the Chinese context and the needs of the times. Mao Zedong Thought, Deng Xiaoping Theory, the Theory of Three Represents, the Scientific Outlook on Development, and Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era are the results. The Party has thus devised well-conceived theories for its own and the people's guidance, and made an enormous and original contribution to enriching Marxism.

中國共產黨之所以在革命、建設、改革進程中不斷取得勝利，根本在于掌握了有力的思想武器，能夠運用馬克思主義立場、觀點、方法，正確認識問題，科學分析問題，有效解決問題。實踐表明，中國共產黨選擇馬克思主義是完全正確的。新的征程上，黨以更加寬闊的眼界審視馬克思主義在當代發展的現實基礎和實踐需要，堅持把馬克思主義基本原理同中國具體實際相結合、同中華優秀傳統文化相結合，用馬克思主義觀察時代、把握時代、引領時代，繼續發展當代中國馬克思主義、21世紀馬克思主義。
At the fundamental level, the CPC's successes can be attributed to its mastery of powerful theoretical weapons to correctly understand, scientifically analyze, and effectively solve problems by applying the Marxist stance, viewpoint and methodology. Experience has proved that the CPC's choice of Marxism is correct. On the journey ahead, considering China's realities in contemporary times the Party will continue to adapt the basic tenets of Marxism to the best of China's traditional culture, and use Marxism to observe, understand, and steer the trends of our times in the 21st century.

（二）堅守理想信念
2. Firm Ideals and Convictions

中國共產黨一經成立，就把為共產主義、社會主義奮斗作為自己的綱領。100年來，黨始終堅守共產主義、社會主義的理想信念，領導人民向著奮斗目標堅定前行，不但建立了社會主義，而且維護和發展了社會主義，在世界上高高舉起了中國特色社會主義偉大旗幟，展示了社會主義的生機活力和美好前景。社會主義沒有辜負中國，中國也沒有辜負社會主義。
From the outset, the CPC has championed the cause of socialism and communism. Over the past hundred years, standing firm in its ideals and convictions, it has led the people to press forward towards these goals. It has established, upheld and developed socialism, upheld the principles of socialism with Chinese characteristics, and demonstrated the vitality and bright prospects of socialism. The Party has remained true to socialism, and socialism has proved its worth to China.

在困頓逆境、挫折失敗中奮起。革命戰爭年代，黨多次面臨困難和挫折，甚至瀕臨被敵人消滅的危險境地。大革命失敗后，黨由近6萬人銳減到1萬多人。第五次反“圍剿”④失敗后，黨和紅軍的力量遭受極大削弱。長征⑤途中，湘江戰役一戰，中央紅軍從長征出發時的8.6萬多人銳減至3萬多人。在革命前途變得十分黯淡的時刻，黨對自己的信念毫不動搖，在困境中發展壯大，在絕境中突出重圍，在逆境中毅然奮起。新中國成立后，面對軍事上、經濟上、國際上的困難和挑戰，黨領導人民發揚“一不怕苦、二不怕死”的革命精神，堅定信心，克服困難，使社會主義中國巍然屹立在世界東方。上世紀80年代末90年代初，世界社會主義運動陷入低潮，黨領導人民頂住逆流，排除干擾，沿著中國特色社會主義道路堅定前行。進入新時代，面對國內改革、發展、穩定的繁重任務，面對嚴峻的國際形勢和外部壓力，黨領導人民進行具有許多新的歷史特點的偉大斗爭，把中國特色社會主義繼續推向前進。100年來，困難、失敗和挫折沒有阻擋住中國共產黨的前進，只是使它更加堅強、更加成熟。在重大歷史關頭和危難時刻，黨堅守理想信念，不畏懼、不退縮，迎難而上、勇往直前，一次次彰顯了黨的力量，一次次增強了人民對黨的信任和信心，一次次扭轉了黨和國家的前途命運，一次次把社會主義事業推向前進。
Rising through adversity and failures. In the years of revolutionary war, the CPC was repeatedly confronted with difficulties and setbacks, to the extent that its very survival was threatened. After the failure of the Great Revolution (1924-1927), the membership of the Party fell from around 60,000 to just over 10,000. After defeat in the fifth encirclement and suppression campaign by the KMT in 1934, [ This refers to the Central Red Army's fight against the fifth encirclement and suppression campaign launched by the KMT troops in the Central Revolutionary Base Area from September 1933 to October 1934. From 1930 to 1934, the KMT troops launched five largescale onslaughts against the Central Revolutionary Base Area headquartered in Ruijin, Jiangxi Province. The Red Army overcame the KMT forces in the first four campaigns, but after defeat in the fifth campaign, it made a strategic withdrawal.] the Party and the Red Army were seriously weakened. The Battle of Xiangjiang soon after the beginning of the Long March [ This was the strategic retreat of the main Red Army forces under the leadership of the CPC, and the trek from the Soviet Area south of the Yangtze River to the Shaanxi-Gansu border area during the period from October 1934 to October 1936, marking a great transition from defeat to victory for the Party and the Chinese revolution.] cost the Central Red Army more than 50,000 of its 86,000 troops. But for all that the situation was bleak, the CPC remained unshaken in its convictions. It shook off its pursuers, rose above adversity, and emerged stronger from the setbacks. After the founding of the PRC, the country faced testing military and economic challenges and hostility from abroad. Led by the CPC, and fearless of hardship and death, the people overcame these challenges. A new socialist China soon stood firm in the East. From the late 1980s to early 1990s, when the tide of world socialism was on the ebb, the CPC led the people to press forward on the path of Chinese socialism, heedless of all obstacles. In the new era, faced with the formidable tasks of reform, development and stability, and confronted by an unpromising external environment, the Party has led the people to continue the great historic struggle and to champion the cause of socialism with Chinese characteristics. Difficulties, failures and setbacks in the past hundred years have never prevented the CPC from forging ahead; they have only made it stronger and helped it mature. At critical historical junctures and in times of crisis, the Party has stood firm in ideals and convictions, rising undaunted to face challenges. This has demonstrated its strength, increased the people's trust and confidence, transformed its own prospects and those of the country, and advanced the cause of socialism.

在逆境中拼搏奮斗，在順境中繼續奮斗。面對勝利順利，中國共產黨力戒驕傲自滿，保持奮斗精神。取得執政地位后，在進入繁華城市、執掌全國政權、從事和平建設的歷史條件下，黨繼續保持了謙虛、謹慎、不驕、不躁的作風和艱苦奮斗本色，沒有被糖衣炮彈打倒。改革開放后，黨抵制住了資本主義和封建主義腐朽思想的影響和侵蝕。進入新時代，黨和國家各項事業蒸蒸日上，黨保持清醒認識，反復警醒全黨絕不能有半點驕傲自滿、固步自封，絕不能有絲毫猶豫不決、徘徊彷徨，居安思危，繼續奮斗。100年來，黨沒有躺在功勞簿上沉湎過去，沒有因為取得的成績松弛懈怠，沒有在喝彩聲、贊揚聲中喪失斗志，始終保持了昂揚奮進的精神狀態。
Fighting in both favorable and unfavorable circumstances. After securing victory in its military campaigns, the CPC maintained its fighting spirit and strove to avoid complacency. After becoming the governing party of China, it continued to remain modest and prudent, never arrogant or impetuous. In leading reconstruction in the cities in peace time, it preserved the style of plain living and hard struggle and never fell victim to the desire for creature comforts. In the process of reform and opening up, the CPC endeavors to guard against the erosive influence of feudalist and capitalist decadence. Entering the new era, the CPC has never allowed itself to be carried away by the successes the Party and the state have achieved. It has warned all its members that they must never surrender to complacency or sclerotic thinking, never falter, never waver; rather, they must remain alert to dangers in times of peace and keep fighting. Over the past hundred years the Party has never rested on its laurels, slackened its efforts, or allowed flattery and praise to dilute its spirit and will to fight.

既錨定遠大目標，又腳踏實地，一代人負起一代人的使命，不斷向著奮斗目標前進。黨追求的共產主義最高理想，只有在社會主義社會充分發展和高度發達的基礎上才能實現。中國共產黨人之所以為之前仆后繼，是因為他們堅信，一代又一代人馳而不息、接續奮斗，崇高理想就一定能夠實現。在中華民族偉大復興的接力跑中，一代又一代中國共產黨人，一代又一代中國人民，一棒接著一棒跑下去，奮力跑好自己這一棒，為下一代跑出好成績。
Being firmly grounded while aiming high for the future. Every generation of Party members has fulfilled its respective missions and kept pressing forward. The ideals of communism can only be realized by the Party based on fully developed and highly advanced socialism. Communists in China believe that if they keep fighting for this with sufficient effort over generations it can be achieved. In the battle to realize national rejuvenation, the Party and the people will pass on the torch from one generation to the next, with each generation fulfilling its duties for the benefit of the next.

在奮斗行動中淬煉奮斗精神，用奮斗精神激勵奮斗行動。中國共產黨人弘揚偉大建黨精神，頑強拼搏、不懈奮斗，涌現了一大批視死如歸的革命烈士、一大批頑強奮斗的英雄人物、一大批忘我奉獻的先進模范，形成了系列偉大精神，構建起中國共產黨人的精神譜系。這些寶貴精神財富，深深融入中華民族的血脈之中，使中國人民的精神面貌發生巨大變化，為民族復興提供了更持久、更深沉、更有力量的強大支撐。
Forging a fighting spirit in hard work and working hard to keep that spirit. Carrying forward its founding spirit, the CPC has fought hard and persevered. It has developed a set of inspiring principles which are manifested in the ranks of its revolutionary martyrs defiant in the face of death, its hard-working heroes, and its selfless and devoted models. This invaluable spirit has been distilled into the lifeblood of the Chinese nation, boosting the Chinese people's morale, and creating longer, fuller and stronger support for the rejuvenation of the Chinese nation.

100年來，黨領導人民拼搏奮斗，在中國大地不僅建筑起遍地林立的高樓大廈，而且鑄造了巍然聳立的中華民族精神大廈。
Over the past hundred years, led by the CPC, the Chinese people have changed the face of the country through their arduous efforts, and more importantly, reshaped China's national psyche.

（三）在不斷探索中前進
3. Breaking New Ground

中國的革命、建設、改革，走的是前人沒有走過的道路，沒有現成經驗可以照搬。面對前進道路上層出不窮的新情況新問題，中國共產黨領導人民勇于探索、敢闖敢試，不斷實現從未知到已知、從必然王國向自由王國的跨越，不斷把社會主義事業推向前進。
China's revolution, reconstruction and reform are unprecedented undertakings, with no previous examples to serve as a guide. Facing new situations and new problems on the way forward, and employing indomitable courage and determination, the CPC has succeeded in blazing a new trail from the unknown to the realms of freedom. All its endeavors have advanced the cause of socialism in China.

把握世界大勢，抓住和用好歷史機遇。人類歷史有其發展的大邏輯。100年來，黨在歷史前進的邏輯中前進，在時代發展的潮流中發展，因勢而謀、應勢而動、順勢而為，掌握了歷史主動。中國共產黨的誕生，社會主義中國的成立，改革開放的實行，都是順應世界發展大勢的結果。改革開放后，黨把握和平與發展時代主題，加快推進改革開放和現代化建設；緊緊抓住世界科技迅猛發展機遇，提出“科學技術是第一生產力”的重要論斷，集全國之力實施“863”計劃、“973”計劃、⑥國家重點研發計劃等一系列科技計劃，極大推動了原始創新能力提升和高技術及其產業發展；順應經濟全球化趨勢，實施一系列對外開放重大舉措，創辦經濟特區，開發開放上海浦東，實施“引進來”“走出去”戰略，加入世界貿易組織，推動中國經濟融入世界。進入新世紀，黨抓住21世紀頭20年的重要戰略機遇期，集中精力，加快發展。進入新時代，黨統籌中華民族偉大復興戰略全局和世界百年未有之大變局，作出“中國發展仍處于重要戰略機遇期”“機遇和挑戰之大都前所未有，總體上機遇大于挑戰”的戰略判斷，順應和平、發展、合作、共贏的時代潮流，順應世界多極化和國際關系民主化大勢，順應經濟全球化大勢，對內推進高質量發展，把握新發展階段、貫徹新發展理念、構建新發展格局；對外實行高水平開放，實施更大范圍、更寬領域、更深層次的全面開放，促進合作共贏，在更好發展自己的同時更好貢獻世界。
Recognizing the prevailing trends in the world, seizing and making the most of historic opportunities. There is an essential logic to the progress of human history. Over the past hundred years, the CPC has developed with this logic and kept pace with the trends of the times, constantly adjusting its strategies and policies in accordance with changing circumstances. The founding of the CPC, the founding of a socialist people's republic, and the launch of reform and opening up all followed underlying global trends. Based on its belief that peace and development were the themes of the times, the CPC pressed ahead with its plans for reform, opening up and modernization. It seized the opportunity of rapid advances in science and technology around the world, and applied the important proposition that "science and technology constitute a primary productive force". It mobilized the resources of the whole country in a series of key national science and technology research and development programs such as the 863 Program and the 973 Program [ The codename 863 refers to the National High-tech R&D Program implemented in accordance with a guideline issued by the CPC Central Committee and the State Council on November 18, 1986, while that of 973 is for the National Key Basic Research Program implemented in accordance with a decision by the National Science, Technology and Education Leading Group on June 4, 1997.]. All of this strengthened China's capacity for original innovation and resulted in significant progress in high-tech and key industries. The CPC followed the trend of economic globalization and initiated a set of major reform and opening-up measures, for example, creating special economic zones, opening up Shanghai Pudong New Area, implementing the strategies of "bringing in" and "going global", and acceding to the World Trade Organization, all of which helped the Chinese economy to integrate with the international economy. At the turn of the century, the CPC seized the first two decades as an important period of strategic opportunity to focus on development and promote more rapid growth. In the new era, the CPC has implemented the strategy of national rejuvenation within the context of global changes of a scale unseen in a century. It has judged that "China remains in an important period of strategic opportunity for development", and that "both opportunities and challenges are unprecedented in scale, with more opportunities than challenges in general". To tap into the trends of peace, cooperation, multi-polarity, economic globalization, and democracy in international relations, the Party places greater emphasis on the quality of growth. To this end, it has introduced and is implementing a new development philosophy and a new development dynamic as the country enters a new development stage. In external relations, the CPC pursues high-standard opening up and promotes win-win cooperation with more countries in more areas, on a larger scale, and in greater depth. The CPC is willing to contribute more to the world while promoting China's own development.

堅持獨立自主，堅定不移走自己的路。在中國這樣一個人口眾多和經濟文化落后的東方大國進行革命、建設、改革，道路問題是最根本的問題。新民主主義革命時期，黨一開始想走蘇聯那樣的中心城市暴動的道路，實踐證明這條道路走不通，黨通過總結經驗教訓、深化對國情的認識，找到了以農村包圍城市、武裝奪取政權的正確道路。新中國成立后，黨一開始注重學習蘇聯，但后來發現蘇聯模式也存在問題，開始探索中國自己的社會主義建設道路。改革開放以來，黨領導人民找到了、堅持了、拓展了符合中國國情的中國特色社會主義道路，沿著這條道路堅定不移地走了下來。在經濟建設中，黨始終堅持自力更生為主的方針，把發展的主動權牢牢掌握在自己手中，近年來，面對國際形勢不確定不穩定因素增多，黨作出加快構建以國內大循環為主體、國內國際雙循環相互促進的新發展格局的重大戰略部署，立足自身把國內大循環暢通起來，任由國際風云變幻，始終充滿朝氣地生存和發展下去。在科技領域，黨領導人民自立自強，堅持獨立自主、自力更生，依靠中國人自己的力量，建立了獨立完整的學科體系和科研布局，走出一條具有中國特色的自主創新道路，實現了科技實力和創新能力的跨越式提升。從新中國成立初期連火柴、鐵釘都要依靠進口，到量子通信、人工智能、5G等世界領先，再到“神舟”遨游太空、“祝融”探測火星、“天宮”空間站建造、“蛟龍”入海等，中國正在走向高水平科技自立自強。在社會主義現代化建設進程中，黨領導人民推動物質文明、政治文明、精神文明、社會文明、生態文明協調發展，創造了中國式現代化新道路，創造了人類文明新形態，打破了只有遵循資本主義現代化模式才能實現現代化的神話。堅持獨立自主，堅持中國的事情按照中國的特點、中國的實際來辦，堅定不移走自己的路，是黨取得勝利的一條基本經驗。中國人民有骨氣、有信心、有能力，做好自己的事，走好自己的路。
Following an independent path. To carry out revolution, reconstruction and reform in a poor and backward country with a large population, it is fundamental to choose the right path. During the New Democratic Revolution, the CPC initially opted to follow the Soviet example of insurrection in key cities. But that proved unsuccessful. It then reviewed the lessons learned, summarized the experience gained, and embarked on the correct path of encircling the cities from the countryside and seizing state power with military force. After the founding of the People's Republic, the CPC applied itself to learning from the Soviet Union. Encountering problems with the Soviet model, it began to explore its own path for building socialism. Since the beginning of reform and opening up, it has led the people in identifying, upholding, broadening, and committing to the path best suited to China's actual conditions – socialism with Chinese characteristics. In economic development, the Party has always adhered to the principle of self-reliance. To ensure that robust development continues amid mounting instability and uncertainties in the international environment, the Party has made the major strategic decision to accelerate the fostering of a double development dynamic, with the domestic economy and international engagement reinforcing each other, and the former as the mainstay. In the field of science and technology, the Party has led the people in independent and self-reliant development. With their own strength, the Chinese people have put in place a complete and independent system of academic disciplines and a comprehensive program of scientific research, paving the way for independent innovation with Chinese characteristics. All of this has carried forward the country's scientific and technological strength and capacity for innovation in leaps and bounds. In the early days of the People's Republic, even matches and iron nails had to be imported. China now leads the world in quantum communication, artificial intelligence and 5G technology. Its Shenzhou manned spacecraft and Tiangong space lab are orbiting the earth. The rover Zhurong has landed on Mars and is engaged in scientific exploration. Its manned submersible, Jiaolong, dived to the deep sea. All of these serve to demonstrate how China has significantly improved its independent scientific and technological capabilities. In the process of socialist modernization, the Party has led the people in realizing coordinated material, political, cultural, social and eco-environmental progress, pioneering a new and distinctively Chinese path to modernization, creating a new model for human progress, and refuting the myth that modernization can be achieved only by following the capitalist model. One of the basic reasons for the Party's success is its adherence to the principles of independence and self-reliance. It follows its own path in managing China's affairs in accordance with the country's own realities and characteristics. The Chinese people have the courage, confidence, and ability to manage their own affairs well.

解放思想，實事求是，敢闖敢試。不論是革命、建設還是改革，中國共產黨都堅持一切從實際出發，不唯書、不唯上、只唯實，敢于突破條條框框和現成模式，不斷探索新路。在領導經濟建設的長期實踐中，黨既堅持馬克思主義政治經濟學的基本原理和方法論，又結合中國實際大膽創新，從單一公有制到公有制為主體、多種所有制經濟共同發展和堅持“兩個毫不動搖”⑦；從傳統的計劃經濟體制到社會主義市場經濟體制，從市場在資源配置中起基礎性作用到市場在資源配置中起決定性作用、更好發揮政府作用，一系列新探索新實踐，既確保了國民經濟命脈牢牢掌握在黨和人民手中，確保了經濟發展服務人民利益、公共利益和國家利益，也提升了市場主體的自主性創造性，極大解放和發展了社會生產力。黨的十八大以來，面對改革進入攻堅期和深水區，黨以巨大政治勇氣推進全面深化改革，革除制約和束縛發展的深層次弊端，推出2400多項改革舉措，在重要領域和關鍵環節取得決定性成果，激活了發展動力，釋放了發展活力。在推進改革的實踐中，黨既大膽探索創新，又把握正確方向，始終把基點放在堅持和完善中國特色社會主義制度上、放在推進國家治理體系和治理能力現代化上，既不走封閉僵化的老路，也不走改旗易幟的邪路，實現了改革、發展、穩定的有機統一、協同推進。
Emancipating the mind, seeking truth from facts and moving forward with unrelenting courage. In all of its endeavors in revolution, reconstruction and reform, the CPC has always proceeded from reality rather than placing its faith in books or established authority. It has constantly explored new paths, free from hidebound restrictions and proscriptive models. In its long-term leadership of economic development, the Party has adopted the basic principles of Marxist political economics and applied them in China's realities, shifting from a model of pure public ownership to a model where public ownership plays the dominant role alongside economic entities under diverse forms of ownership. It is committed to consolidating and developing the public sector of the economy, and to encouraging, supporting, and guiding the non-public sector of the economy. The economic system has been reformed from a traditional planned economy to a socialist market economy, so that the market can play a decisive rather than a supportive role in resource allocation, while the government can fulfill its role better. This has ensured that the lifelines of the Chinese economy remain firmly in the hands of the Party and the people, and that economic development serves the interests of the people and the country. Market entities can be more innovative, and the productive forces have been unleashed and allowed to develop. Since the 18th National Congress of the CPC, China's reform has entered uncharted waters and encountered new problems. The Party has shown tremendous political courage, enacting more than 2,400 measures to remove deep-rooted obstacles, and promoting further comprehensive reform. This has achieved decisive results in key areas and boosted the driving forces of development. In pursuing reform, the Party encourages bold experiments and innovation while making sure that progress continues in the right direction. The basis of reform has always been upholding and improving socialism with Chinese characteristics and modernizing the country's system and capacity for governance. Pressing ahead with reform and development while maintaining the stability of the country, it has rejected both the old and rigid closed-door policy, and any attempt to abandon socialism in favor of some erroneous path.

研究規律，把握規律，遵循規律。善于把握規律，按照客觀規律辦事，是馬克思主義政黨之所以先進的重要因素。黨不斷探索共產黨執政規律、社會主義建設規律、人類社會發展規律，并把這些規律運用到實踐當中，指導和校正自己的行動。在社會主義建設實踐中，黨對“什么是社會主義、怎樣建設社會主義”“建設什么樣的黨、怎樣建設黨”“實現什么樣的發展、怎樣發展”“新時代堅持和發展什么樣的中國特色社會主義、怎樣堅持和發展中國特色社會主義”等重大問題的認識不斷深化，提出一系列新觀點新論斷，進行一系列新探索新實踐，豐富和發展了科學社會主義。從“貧窮不是社會主義，發展太慢也不是社會主義”，到“社會主義的本質是解放生產力，發展生產力，消滅剝削，消除兩極分化，最終達到共同富?！保俚健皩崿F共同富裕是社會主義的本質要求”，黨對社會主義本質的認識不斷深化。從新中國成立后確立社會主義基本制度，到改革開放后探索建立中國特色社會主義制度，再到黨的十八大以來堅持和完善中國特色社會主義制度，構建起包括根本制度、基本制度、重要制度在內的國家制度和治理體系的總體框架，使中國特色社會主義制度更加成熟更加定型，黨對社會主義制度建設的認識不斷深化。從“又快又好”到“又好又快”，從“經濟增長方式”到“經濟發展方式”，從高速增長到高質量發展，從加快發展到統籌好發展和安全兩件大事，從全面、協調、可持續的發展觀到創新、協調、綠色、開放、共享的新發展理念，黨對經濟社會發展規律的認識不斷深化。黨的十八大以來，黨提出統籌推進“五位一體”總體布局⑧、協調推進“四個全面”戰略布局⑨，提出“八個明確”⑩“十四個堅持”?，標志著黨對共產黨執政規律、社會主義建設規律、人類社會發展規律的認識提升到了新的高度。
Understanding, grasping and following the laws of development. The ability to grasp and follow the objective laws of development is an important skill for a progressive Marxist party. The CPC has continued to expand its understanding of governance by a communist party, the development of socialism, and the evolution of human society, and to apply them in practice as a guide for action.

In developing socialism, the Party has constantly asked and answered a series of key questions, such as:

?"What is socialism?"

?"How should we build socialism?"

?"What kind of a political party should the CPC be?"

?"How should we build the CPC?"

?"What kind of development should we pursue?"

?"How should we pursue this development?"

?"What is socialism with Chinese characteristics in the new era?"

? "How should we uphold and develop this socialism?"

It has given a series of new answers that have enriched and developed scientific socialism, and gained a much deeper understanding of the essence and nature of socialism, such as:

?"Poverty is not socialism. Development that is too slow is not socialism, either."

?"The nature of socialism is to release and develop the productive forces, eliminate exploitation and polarization, and achieve common prosperity."

?"Achieving common prosperity is the essential requirement of socialism."

The CPC has also gained a much deeper understanding of the process of building a socialist system, from establishing the basic socialist system in the early days of the PRC, through creating socialism with Chinese characteristics after the introduction of the reform and opening-up policy, to upholding and improving socialism with Chinese characteristics since the 18th CPC National Congress. Socialism with Chinese characteristics has matured with the completion of an overall framework of systems for state governance.

The CPC has also come to a deeper understanding of the laws of economic and social development, as reflected by its shift from "fast and sound growth" to "sound and fast growth", from "economic growth" to "economic development", from "high-speed growth" to "high-quality development", from "accelerating development" to "equal emphasis on development and security", from "the vision of comprehensive, coordinated and sustainable development" to "the vision of innovation-based, coordinated, green, open and shared development". Since its 18th National Congress, the CPC has initiated the Five-sphere Integrated Plan, the Four-pronged Comprehensive Strategy, the Eight Clarifications [ The Eight Clarifications:
?that the overarching task of upholding and developing socialism with Chinese characteristics is to realize socialist modernization and national rejuvenation, and on the basis of completing the building of a moderately prosperous society in all respects, a two-step approach should be taken to build China into a great modern socialist country that is prosperous, strong, democratic, culturally advanced, harmonious, and beautiful by the middle of the 21st century.
?that the principal challenge facing Chinese society in the new era is the gap between unbalanced and inadequate development and the growing expectation of the people for a better life, which requires further commitment to the people-centered philosophy of development, well-rounded human development, and common prosperity for everyone.
?that the overall plan for building socialism with Chinese characteristics is the Five-sphere Integrated Plan, and the overall strategy is the Four-pronged Comprehensive Strategy, with an emphasis on stronger confidence in the path, theory, system and culture of socialism with Chinese characteristics.
?that the overall goal of in-depth reform in every field is to improve and develop the system of socialism with Chinese characteristics and modernize China's system and capacity for governance.
?that the overall goal of comprehensively advancing law-based governance is to establish a system of socialist rule of law with Chinese characteristics and build a country of socialist rule of law.
?that the Party's goal of building a strong military in the new era is to build the armed forces of the people into world-class forces that obey the Party's command, can fight and win, and maintain excellent conduct.
?that major-country diplomacy with Chinese characteristics aims to foster a new type of international relations and build a global community of shared future.
?that the defining feature of socialism with Chinese characteristics is the leadership of the CPC; the greatest strength of the system of socialism with Chinese characteristics is the leadership of the CPC; the Party is the highest force for political leadership, setting forth the general requirements for strengthening the Party in the new era and underlining the importance of reinforcing the Party's political foundations.] and the Fourteen Imperatives" [ The Fourteen Imperatives are:
?ensuring Party leadership over all endeavors,
?people-centered development,
?comprehensive and in-depth reform,
?a new vision for development,
?the people running the country,
?law-based governance,
?core socialist values,
?improvement of the people's lives through development,
?harmony between humanity and nature,
?a holistic approach to national security,
?absolute Party leadership over the people's forces,
?the principle of One Country, Two Systems for national reunification,
?the building of a global community of shared future,
?the full and rigorous implementation of the Party's discipline. The Fourteen Imperatives form the fundamental guideline that underpins the endeavors to uphold and develop socialism with Chinese characteristics in the new era.], which exemplify the Party's new understanding of the nature of governance by a communist party, the development of socialism, and the evolution of human society.

社會主義好，就是要解決其他社會形態解決不了的問題，不斷推進人的全面發展和實現共同富裕。中國社會主義只搞了幾十年，還處在初級階段。黨對社會主義的認識和把握還非常有限，還面臨很多沒有弄清楚的問題和待解的難題，對許多重大問題的認識和處理還處于不斷深化的過程之中。黨將繼續探索，更好把握中國特色社會主義發展趨勢和規律，更好地把新時代中國特色社會主義不斷推向前進。
Socialism can solve problems that other social systems cannot, and can achieve sustained, well-rounded human development and common prosperity. After several decades, socialism in China is still at the primary stage. The Party's understanding and practical experience of socialism with Chinese characteristics is still very limited, with many more questions to answer and many more problems to solve. The Party will continue to explore how best to advance socialism with Chinese characteristics in the new era by building a deeper understanding of its nature and laws.

（四）勇于戰勝風險挑戰
4. Defusing Risks and Overcoming Challenges

中國的革命、建設、改革，面臨著黨內和黨外的、國內和國際的、傳統和非傳統的、人類社會和自然界的多種復雜嚴峻的風險挑戰。黨領導人民迎接挑戰、從容應對，敢于斗爭、敢于勝利，在應對挑戰、化解風險中推動事業發展，取得并鞏固了執政地位，保證了國家安全，保持了發展的連續性和穩定性。
China has carried out its revolution, reconstruction and reform against a backdrop of both conventional and exceptional risks and challenges, from both inside and outside the Party, from both within China and abroad, and from both human society and nature. The CPC has led the people in defusing these risks and meeting these challenges with courage, confidence and resilience, while promoting the cause of socialism. It has secured and consolidated its position as the governing party, guaranteed national security, and ensured continuous and consistent development.

保持憂患意識，始終居安思危。中國共產黨在苦難中誕生、在斗爭中成長，時刻牢記“安而不忘危，存而不忘亡，治而不忘亂”。革命戰爭年代，在殘酷的斗爭環境中，黨時刻保持高度警惕，在與強大敵人的長期斗爭中成長壯大。改革開放新時期，面對社會矛盾易發多發頻發，面對世界社會主義出現嚴重曲折，黨把增強抵御風險能力作為黨的建設重大歷史性課題，成功應對各種風險挑戰。黨的十八大以來，黨清醒認識內外環境新的重大變化和面臨的風險挑戰，把增強憂患意識、做到居安思危作為治國理政必須堅持的重大原則，把保證國家安全作為鞏固執政地位、堅持和發展中國特色社會主義的頭等大事，從最壞處著眼，做最充分的準備，朝好的方向努力，爭取最好的結果，掌握了應對風險挑戰的戰略主動。正是因為黨在不同歷史時期，保持清醒頭腦，科學分析形勢，下好先手棋、打好主動仗，在風險挑戰來臨時，能夠遇變不驚、化險為夷、取得勝利。
The Party is always ready to protect against potential dangers even in times of peace. Founded in years of trial and tribulation and maturing in adversity, the CPC always keeps in mind the ancient wisdom that "One should be mindful of potential danger in times of peace, the risk of downfall in times of rise, and potential chaos in times of stability."In the years of revolutionary war, the CPC maintained a high level of vigilance during a life-and-death struggle, and grew in size and strength despite being menaced by formidable enemies.During reform and opening up, faced with frequent social conflicts and disputes, and major setbacks to world socialism, the CPC made it a priority to increase its ability to fend off threats, and successfully dealt with various risks and challenges.After its 18th National Congress, the CPC was fully aware of the major changes in the domestic and international environment. One of its major principles of governance is to be always on guard against potential dangers in times of peace. It has made national security its top priority in upholding and developing socialism with Chinese characteristics. Always alert to the worst possible scenarios, the Party adopts proactive strategies and strives for the best results.In every historical period, the CPC has remained vigilant and clearheaded about the situation, seizing the initiative on every occasion and ensuring success in defusing risks and overcoming challenges.

面對重大風險挑戰，迎難而上，敢于勝利。對于危及黨的執政地位、國家政權穩定，危害國家核心利益，危害人民根本利益，有可能打斷中華民族復興進程的重大風險挑戰，黨毫不猶豫、斷然出手，堅決斗爭、堅決勝利。新中國成立后，面對美帝國主義的威脅和挑釁，黨以“不惜國內打爛了重新建設”的決心和氣魄，作出抗美援朝、保家衛國的歷史性決策，最終取得偉大勝利，粉碎了侵略者陳兵國門、進而將新中國扼殺在搖籃之中的圖謀，使新中國真正站穩了腳跟。改革開放新時期，黨領導人民經受住1989年政治風波考驗，戰勝亞洲金融危機、國際金融危機，戰勝特大洪澇災害，奪取抗擊非典、汶川地震抗震救災勝利，依法堅決平息和妥善處理拉薩、烏魯木齊打砸搶燒嚴重暴力犯罪事件，抵制住一些外國政治勢力對中國的孤立、打壓、遏制。黨的十八大以來，面對波譎云詭的國際形勢、復雜敏感的周邊環境、艱巨繁重的改革發展穩定任務，黨統籌發展和安全，貫徹總體國家安全觀，領導人民有效應對重大挑戰、抵御重大風險、克服重大阻力、解決重大矛盾，在危機中育先機、于變局中開新局。推進供給側結構性改革化解經濟風險，果斷應對美國單方面挑起的中美經貿摩擦，取得抗擊新冠肺炎疫情斗爭重大戰略成果，采取一系列重大措施一舉扭轉香港亂局、實現重大轉折，保持了經濟持續健康發展和社會大局穩定。
The Party meets major risks and challenges head-on. It never hesitates in taking resolute action to address risks and challenges that threaten its position as the governing party, or endanger the stability of state power, the core interests of the country, the fundamental interests of the people, or the rejuvenation of the Chinese nation.Shortly after the founding of the PRC, in the face of threats and provocation by American imperialism, the CPC had the courage to resist US aggression and aid Korea, in defense of the motherland and at the cost of its own economic development. Victory in this war foiled the aggressors' attempt to suffocate the new-born PRC, and established a firm foothold for the country.After the launch of reform and opening up, the Party led the people through the political turbulence in 1989, the Asian financial crisis in 1997, the global financial crisis in 2008, and a succession of unprecedented natural disasters. It emerged victorious from the fight against the SARS epidemic in 2002 and the Wenchuan earthquake in 2008. It adopted resolute and lawful measures to quell the riots, robbery, arson and vandalism in Lhasa and Urumqi. It also resisted attempts to isolate, suppress and contain China by external political forces.Since 2012, faced with a sensitive and volatile international situation, and challenging tasks related to domestic reform, development and stability, the Party has placed equal emphasis on development and security, pursued a holistic approach to national security, and led the people in an effective response to major risks, challenges, obstacles and conflicts by exploring new opportunities and breaking new ground.It has promoted supply-side reform to stave off economic risks. It has implemented effective countermeasures in the economic and trade friction provoked by the US. It has won a strategic victory in the battle against the Covid-19 pandemic. It has taken a series of resolute measures to restore order in Hong Kong and ensure a turn for the better in the region. All of these actions have contributed to social stability in China and sound and sustained economic development.

中華民族偉大復興，絕不是輕輕松松、敲鑼打鼓就能實現的，前進道路上會出現各種可以預測和不可預測的困難和挑戰。中國共產黨是經過百年錘煉，具有長期豐富斗爭實踐經驗的大黨，具有抵御各種風險、駕馭各種復雜局面的能力。任何風險挑戰，只要來了，黨都將領導人民進行堅決斗爭，毫不動搖，毫不退縮，直至取得勝利。
The rejuvenation of the Chinese nation will not be easily achieved. It cannot be achieved merely by beating drums and clanging gongs. There will be all kinds of foreseeable and unforeseeable difficulties on the way forward. The CPC is a major political party that has accumulated rich experience in the long-term struggle over the last hundred years, which has enabled it to withstand risks and address complex issues. No matter the difficulties, the Party will lead the people to final victory.

在百年奮斗征程中，中國共產黨錘煉了不畏強敵、不懼風險、敢于斗爭、敢于勝利的風骨和品質，這種風骨和品質，成為黨鮮明的特質和特點。一切成就都是接續奮斗的結果，一切事業都需要在繼往開來中推進。中國共產黨以奮斗鑄就歷史，也必將以奮斗創造未來。
On its centennial journey, the CPC has tempered its character with the courage to vanquish formidable enemies, defuse risks, and overcome challenges. This has become the Party's defining quality. All of its achievements are the results of the hard work of generations of Party members, and the base on which the cause will continue to prosper. The success of the Party in the past equips it to face the future with full confidence.