二、不斷完善出口管制法律制度和管理體制
II. Ongoing Improvements to the Legal and Regulatory System for Export Controls

中國堅持全面依法治國基本方略，既立足中國國情，又借鑒國外有益經驗，不斷健全出口管制法律制度，完善出口管制管理體制，為出口管制提供法治和體制保障。
Committed to the basic principle of pursuing law-based governance in all respects, China continues to improve its legal and regulatory system for export controls. To provide law-based and institutional export control guarantees, it bases its efforts on its national conditions and draws upon helpful experience from overseas.

（一）建立健全出口管制法律制度
1. Establishing and Improving a Legal System for Export Controls

改革開放以來，中國經濟發展的內外環境發生了深刻變化，社會主義市場經濟體制不斷完善，出口管制工作的法治化水平不斷提升。自20世紀90年代起，中國先后頒布《監控化學品管理條例》《核出口管制條例》《軍品出口管理條例》《核兩用品及相關技術出口管制條例》《導彈及相關物項和技術出口管制條例》和《生物兩用品及相關設備和技術出口管制條例》等6部行政法規。商務部、工業和信息化部、海關總署、國家國防科技工業局、國家原子能機構、中央軍委裝備發展部等相關部門配套出臺數十項部門規章及相關規范性文件，細化出口管制事項規定，包括對特定物項的具體規定、許可管理及執法監督的具體規定、實施聯合國安理會有關決議的相關文件等。
Since the beginning of reform and opening up in 1978, profound changes in the internal and external environment have impacted economic development in China. There have been continuous improvements in China's socialist market economic system, and its law-based export control work has improved steadily. Since the 1990s, China has promulgated six administrative regulations: Regulations of the People's Republic of China on the Administration of the Controlled Chemicals, Regulations of the People's Republic of China on the Control of Nuclear Export, Regulations of the People's Republic of China on Administration of Arms Export, Regulations of the People's Republic of China on the Control of Nuclear Dual-use Items and Related Technologies Export, Regulations of the People's Republic of China on Export Control of Missiles and Missile-related Items and Technologies, and Regulations of the People's Republic of China on Export Control of Dual-use Biological Agents and Related Equipment and Technologies. The Ministry of Commerce, the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, the General Administration of Customs, the State Administration of Science, Technology and Industry for National Defense, China Atomic Energy Authority, the Equipment Development Department of the Central Military Commission (CMC), and other related departments have introduced a number of departmental rules and normative documents setting detailed provisions on matters related to export controls, including specific stipulations on particular items, license regulation and enforcement supervision, and documents on implementing relevant UN Security Council resolutions.

2020年10月，中國頒布《出口管制法》，對出口管制體制、管制措施以及國際合作等作出明確規定，統一確立出口管制政策、管制清單、臨時管制、管控名單以及監督管理等方面的基本制度框架和規則?！冻隹诠苤品ā肥窃诳偨Y中國出口管制實踐經驗基礎上，根據形勢變化，借鑒國際通行做法，提升立法層級而制定的一部統領中國出口管制工作的法律，對中國出口管制的制度作出全面安排，確保管制物項、適用主體和管制環節全覆蓋?！冻隹诠苤品ā烦雠_以來，為確保各項制度有效實施，國家出口管制管理部門積極開展相關配套法規、部門規章的“立改廢”工作，確保出口管制法律制度各領域之間高效銜接。除《出口管制法》外，《對外貿易法》《國家安全法》《數據安全法》《核安全法》《海關法》《行政許可法》《行政處罰法》《刑法》等法律也為出口管制措施執行等相關工作提供了有力法律依據。目前，中國已基本形成法律、行政法規、部門規章相銜接，層次分明、結構協調的出口管制法律制度，為構建中國特色現代化出口管制體系奠定了堅實的法律基礎。
In October 2020, China promulgated the Export Control Law, which includes clear provisions on systems, measures, and international cooperation on export controls. It also sets a basic institutional framework, and unified rules for export control policies, a control list, temporary controls, a restricted name list, and supervision. The Law was formulated in the light of changing circumstances, drawing on China's own experience in export controls and taking into account standard international practices. It raises China's export control legislation to a higher level, makes comprehensive arrangements for China's export control system, and provides a full coverage of controlled items, legal subjects and other aspects of export control. To make sure that the Export Control Law is effectively implemented, China's authorities have introduced, revised, and rescinded supporting administrative regulations and departmental rules. In addition to the Export Control Law, China's Foreign Trade Law, National Security Law, Data Security Law, Nuclear Safety Law, Customs Law, Administrative Licensing Law, Administrative Punishment Law and Criminal Law also provide a strong legal base for the enforcement of export control measures. China now has in place a well-organized basic legal system on export controls with well-coordinated laws, administrative regulations and departmental rules and a balanced structure, which provides a solid legal foundation for developing a modern export control system with Chinese characteristics.

（二）構建協同高效的出口管制管理體制
2. Building a Coordinated and Efficient Export Control Regime

出口管制涉及國務院、中央軍事委員會的多個部門。國家建立健全出口管制工作機制，明確各部門分工，為出口管制工作提供了堅實的體制保障。
Export controls involve multiple departments of the State Council and the CMC. China has established a sound working mechanism and clearly assigned roles and responsibilities among departments, which provides a solid institutional guarantee.

兩用物項出口管制管理體制。核兩用物項出口，由商務部會同國家原子能機構進行管理；生物類兩用物項出口，由商務部根據需要會同農業農村部、國家衛生健康委員會等部門進行管理；有關化學品類兩用物項出口，由商務部進行管理；導彈類兩用物項出口，由商務部根據需要會同國家國防科技工業局、中央軍委裝備發展部等部門進行管理；商用密碼出口，由商務部會同國家密碼管理局進行管理，《密碼法》規定商用密碼出口管制清單由商務部會同國家密碼管理局和海關總署制定并公布；監控化學品出口，由工業和信息化部會同商務部進行出口經營者資質管理，工業和信息化部負責具體出口審查。
Regulatory system for export control of dual-use items.

·Export of nuclear dual-use items is regulated by the Ministry of Commerce jointly with the China Atomic Energy Authority;

·Export of dual-use biological items is regulated by the Ministry of Commerce jointly with the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs and the National Health Commission, among others as required;

·Export of dual-use items related to certain chemicals is regulated by the Ministry of Commerce;

·Export of dual-use missile-related items is regulated by the Ministry of Commerce jointly with the State Administration of Science, Technology and Industry for National Defense and the Equipment Development Department of the CMC, among others as required;

·Export of commercial cryptography is regulated by the Ministry of Commerce jointly with the State Cryptography Administration - the Cryptography Law stipulates that the export control list of commercial cryptography shall be formulated and published by the Ministry of Commerce in conjunction with the State Cryptography Administration and the General Administration of Customs;

·For the export of controlled chemicals, the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology regulates exporter accreditation jointly with the Ministry of Commerce, and is responsible for undertaking specific export review.

軍品出口管制管理體制。軍品出口，由國家國防科技工業局與中央軍委裝備發展部根據分工進行管理，主要管理內容包括審批軍品出口專營資格、軍品出口立項、軍品出口項目、軍品出口合同，核發軍品出口許可證，制定相關業務管理辦法，對軍品出口活動進行監督管理，對軍品出口管制違法行為進行處罰等。
Regulatory system for export control of military products. The State Administration of Science, Technology and Industry for National Defense, and the Equipment Development Department of the CMC, regulate military exports in accordance with the division of their duties. This mainly includes reviewing the franchise qualification of military exports, export project proposals, projects and contracts for military exports, approving and issuing licenses for military exports, formulating rules regulating related business, supervising export activities, and punishing violations.

核出口管制管理體制。核出口，由國家原子能機構、商務部會同其他部門進行管理。核出口由國務院指定的單位專營，并堅決貫徹核出口保證只用于和平目的、接受國際原子能機構保障監督、未經中國政府許可不得向第三國轉讓等三項原則。管理部門對核出口實施嚴格的審查制度，并對違法行為采取嚴厲的處罰措施。
Regulatory system for export control of nuclear materials. The export of nuclear materials is regulated by the National Atomic Energy Authority and the Ministry of Commerce in cooperation with other departments. These exports are conducted by entities designated by the State Council. They are carried out in strict accordance with three principles - that nuclear materials should be exported for peaceful purposes only, that they should be under the supervision and safeguard of the International Atomic Energy Agency, and that they must not be transferred to third countries without the permission of the Chinese government. Competent authorities carry out rigorous reviews of nuclear exports and impose severe penalties on violators.

海關總署與相關管理部門緊密合作，依法對管制物項的出口實施監管，參與相關違法出口案件的調查處理，開展風險防控、監督執法等相關工作。
The General Administration of Customs cooperates closely with related authorities to regulate the export of controlled items. Among other duties it also engages in investigating and handling violations, carries out risk prevention and control, and supervises law enforcement.